human: coupled: war, Transportation, technological, deserticifaction

• Human vulnerability
• industrializarion
• environmental degradation
• rapid population growth

• ability to forecast natural events
• communication
• networks
• emergency services
  planning

Relief

• short term
• outside ressources
  -external ownership
• often creates dependency
• To and for people

development

• long term
• local ressources
• local ownership
• creates self sufficiency
• enables problem solution

• Inter disatster phase: community engagement
• emergency relief phase: early response and late care
• restoration phase
• reconstruction, rehabilitation, betterment phase

Public health response of late response

• Water supplies
• disposing human
• food safety
• shelter
• personal hygiene
• vector control

10 Myths and realities about disasters

• Need of volunteers from any kind of medical background
• any assistance is needed
• epidemics are inevitable after disaster
• disaster bring out the worst human behavior
• affected population are helpless and don't take responsability
• disaster are random killers
• temporary settlement is the best alternation
• food aid is always required
• clothing is always needed by victim
• things are back to normal in a few weeks

The inter disaster phase is the best state to engage the community

Engagement and resilience

• Ressources
• People
• Organizations
• Community process
  

Resilience

Vulnerably as one component of a response

• communities ability/ process to respond -> adaptive capacity
  

Adaptive capacity

• ability to cope
• ability to act effectively
• plan for redundancy
• flexibility
• creativity
• realization that change is inevitable

change dictated by disaster response is an opportunity for positive change.

climate change leads to changes inthe environment

• climate: average weather conditions that persist over multiple decades or longer
• climate change: increase of decrease of temperature

Ted talk 1: Climate change has an impact on health.

• Underprivileged countries are suffering the most from the consequences of climate change.
• People from low social economic background are more likely to experiment the results of climate change.
  Heatwave
• Heat illness
• Exacerbate heart and lung conditions
• Asthma
• Traumatic inury
• Water and Foodborne illenesses
• Allergies
• Vector borne diseases
• Emotional stress

Lecture 1 Risk communication : a type of communication, a two way exchange between specialist and the public

Goal of risk communication

• Creating an informed public that is involved, interested, reasonable, thoughtful, solution to come up with solutions.

4 types of health communication

• information and education
• behavior change and protective action
• Disaster warning and emergency notificatoion
• joint problem solving and conflict resolution

7 cardinal rules of risk commutication

• accept and involve
• plan and tailor
• listen to audience
• be honest, frank, and open
• Coordinate and collaborate
• Plan for media influence
• speak clearly with compassion

communication models

• The media
• Social media
• Misimformation
• Politics

Lecture 2: Prevention in env. Health: a continuous effort to adapt to environmental changes

DPSEEA model

• Driving force growth in population
• pressure: production
• state
• exposure
• effect

Actions

• primary
• secondary
• tertiary:

Prevention hierarchy

• substitution: use of safer products
• engineering controls
• administrative controls
• personal protective equipment

Pollution prevention

• prevent or reduce source of pollution
• recycle pollution that cannot be prevented
• treat pollution that can't be treated or prevented

steps to pollution prevention

• Source reduction
• waste minimization
• reuse of materials
• recycling of materials
• emission controls
• proper waste disposal
• clean up of wastes and spills

Lecture 3: Risk Assessment: the process of identifying and evaluating adverse events that could occur in defined scenarios

• Evaluating combined sources: toxicology, epi., occ. health.
• Mixing science and judgement

Four elements of risk asessment

• hazard identification: does the agent cause adverse effects
• dose- response assessement: what is the relationship between dose and response.
• exposure assessment: what are the types and levels of exposure
• Risk characterization:

Risk management

• De minimus risk
• risk- benefit analysis
• cost benefit anaysis
• Decision analysis
• the precautionary principles

Risk

• a baker exposed to flour for a long period of time is at risk of developing dermatitis, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma
  low
• probability determined to the level of exposure.

Environment heath policy:subset of policies that affect the relationship between the people's health and their environment

Explicit policies

• clean air standars
• water quality standard
• restauration sanitation

Implicit policies

• building codes
• transportation planning
• water quantity

Policy approaches

• ambiant standards
• emissions standards
• technology standards
• product standards
• work practice standard
• exposure standards

developing/revising standards

• there is a need of multidisciplinary scientific evidence
• epi, toxico, ecology etc.
  -e.g: clean air act, clean water act etc.

environmental justice: the convergence of civil right movement and the environmental movement

core concepts

• disproportionate impacts
• legal, public policy and research challenges
• community based collaborative problem solving
• eg: Public housing project A;teg gardens, Chicago, Il

Reading Shapiro 2019

• studies have showed that people (first responders) who were exposed to the WTC are prone do develop different types of cancer
• They found that participant were likely to develop leukemia which is known to occur after exposure to occupational carcinogens including benzene, possibibly at a low levels of exposure and with a latency of several years from exposure