Angela Santander Period 1 Digestive and Urinary System
Major functions of the digestive system
Major functions of the urinary system
Major organs of the digestive system
Major organs of the urinary systems
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Take in food
Break down nutrients molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
gets ride of any indigestible remains
Organs of the digestive system are in two groups
Accessory digestive organs
Alimentary canal
Continuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to anus
Digests food: breaks down into smaller fragments
absorb fragments through lining into blood
Gallbladder
Small Intestine
Liver
Anus
Esophagus
Large intestine
Tongue
Spleen
Mouth
Pancreas
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum
Descending colon
Ascending colon
cecum
Sigmoid colon
Transverse colon
Rectum
Appendix
Anal Canal
Pharynx
Salivary Glands
Parotid glands
Sublingual gland
submandibular gland
Processing of food involves six essential activites
Absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
Digestion: series of catabolic steps that invloves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
Mechanical breakdown: includes chewing, mixing good with saliva, churning food in stomach, and segmentation
Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces
Propulsion:Movement of food through the alimentary canal, includes:
Ingestion: Eating
Swallowing
Peristalsis: Major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation
allows passage of food, fluids, and air
External muscle layer cosists of two skeletal muscle layer
Flat muscular tube
runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
Gastroesophageal
start with deglutition
start with deglutition
Stomach
starts with chemical breakdown of protein digestion
temporary storage tank
Body
Pyloric part
Fundus
Cardial part
Done shaped region beneath diaphragm
midportion
surronds cardial orifce
wider and more superioir portion of pyloric region, antrum, narrows into pyloric canal
digestive function is production of bile
Bile: fat emulsifier
chief function is storage of bile
supplies enzymes
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
temporary storage reservoir for urine
transport urine from kidney to urinary bladder to the outside of the body
aorta
most;y retroperitoneal
attached posteriorly by mesentery
attached posteriorly by mesentery
joins large intestine at ileocecal valve
Teniae coli
three abnds of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
Haustra
pocketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli
epiploic appendages
fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
fist part of large intestine
masses of lymphoid tissue
travels across abdominal cavity
travels up right side of abdoinal cavoty to level of right kidney
S-shaped portion that travels through pelvis
last segment of large intestine opens to body exterior at anus
enzymes with fat digestion
enzymes with protein digestion
enzymes with necleic acid digestion
enzymes with carbohydrate digestion
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing erythropoitetin
Activiating vitamin D
carrying out gluconegenesis
transport urine out of body
structural and functional units that form urine in the Kidney
Main parts of the nephrons
Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule
Glomerular capsule
Glomerulus
Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
Allows for efficient filtrate formation
Higly porous capillaries
Cup-shaped, hollow structure surronding glomerulus
A long, tubular passageway
Begins at the renal corpuscle
Contains the glomerulus
Three major parts
Nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
First section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through
reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
Proximal closest tp renal corpuscle
U shaped portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule
Has descending and ascending limb
Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct
Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here
Most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium
Collecting duct
The location in the kidney where processed filtrate=urine, is collected from the renal tubules
Principal and intercalated cells
Retrieve filtrate from many nephrons
run through medullary pyramids
ducts fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
Urethra= muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Micturition
urination;voiding
Kidney= Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
ureters=Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Urinary Bladder= temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra= tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outsude of the body
Major calyces=area that collects urine from minor calyces
Renal arteries= deliver about one-fourth of cardiac output to kidney each minute
Glomerular filtration
First step in urine formation in which substances in blood pass theough the filtration membrance and the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron
Tubular reabsorption
Process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood
Tubular secretion
reabsorption in reverse
occurs almost in PCT
Bladder cancer
Have one or more tumor in the bladder
Risk= Smoking tabacco, radiation, genetics
symptoms= blood in urine, frequent urination, back pain
treatment= radiation, chemotherapy, surgery
Urinary tract infection
Abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along urinary tract combined with symptoms
Risk= sexually active women, pregnant women, menopausal
Symptoms= frequent need to urinate, pressure lower pelvic area, blood in urine
treatment= oral antboitics pill
Cholecystitis
an inflammation of the gallbladder
Risk= female, diet, inflammation
symptoms= sweating, vomiting, bloating
treatment = fasting, antibiotic, medication
GERD
a chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the content of the stomach to have back into esophagus
Risk= requent acid reflux, pregnancy, asthma
Symptoms= chest pain, heartburn, sourtaste
treatment options= surgery, prescription medication
the mucosa
Submucosa
muscularis propria
adventitia
stomach
pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease, brush border enzymes in small intestines
lingual lipase, gastric lipase, liver salts, ancreatic lipases
pepsin, pancreatic enzymes, brush border enzymes
salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, brush border enzymes