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Amy Arteaga, Period 7- Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Amy Arteaga, Period 7- Digestive & Urinary System
Major functions of the digestive system
absorb nutrients, break down foods for energy, excrete products the body does not need anymore
mechanical digestion: large pieces of food into smaller ones(chewing) increases surface area dor enzymes, happens in mouth and stomach
chemical digestion: food enzymes by breaking chemical bonds
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
mucosa
: inner layer/ lining of GI tract; secretion & absorption of dietary nutrients
submucosa
: under mucousa-
contains nerves, blood vessels, & lymph nodes
muscularis
: 2 layers of smooth muscle, moves food along digestive tract
serosa
: outer layer- secretes watery fluid to reduce friction
Major organs of the digestive system
small intestine
: receives chyme from stomach, pancreatic juice, bile from liver & gallbladder. Finishes digestion of nutrients, transports remaining residue to large intestine. absorbs nutrients.
duodenum
: sort/fixed portion of small intestine; stomach empties chyme into suodenum
Jejunum proximal
: 2/5 of small intestine, slightly larger diameter than ilium
Illeum
: distal portion
mouth
: first portion of alimentary canal, surrounded by lips, cheeks, tongue, & palate
Teeth
: 20 primary deciduous teeth, shed then replaced by 32 secondary permanent
salivary glands
: produce fluid, salivary amylase, &mucous cells. Amylase--> breaks down starch into disaccharides
pharynx
: throat, posterior to mouth
nasopharynx
: top portion
oropharynx
: middle portion, food & air
laryngopharynx
: bottom portion, way to esophagus
Epiglottis
: covers trachea when swallowing
Esophagus
: muscular tube, connects mouth to stomach(alimentary canal)
lower esophageal sphincter
: prevents regurtitation of stomach contents into esophagus
stomach
: J shaped, left side of abdomen, sends food into small intestine, both chemical and mechanical digestion take place
cardiac
: near the opening of the esophagus
fundus
: dome-shaped region superior to cardiac region
body region
: mid portion of stomach between fundus and pylorus
pylorus
: distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum of small intestine
pancreas
: produce digestive enzymes(lipase/amylase) dumped into small intestine. secretes insulin & glucagon into bloodstream to regulate blood glucose levels.
liver
: largest internal organ, secretes bile, upper right quadrant of abdominal cavity. Makes and stores bile
gallbladder
: pear-shaped sac, stores bile, accessory organ. Secondary digestive organ & stores bile
small intestine
: long tubular organ, most chemical digestion & absorption of food takes place
duodenum
: shortest, first portion
jejunuum
: second portion
ileum
: last, longest portion
large intestine
: absorbs water & electrolytes, forms feces, stores waste in rectum
cecum
: pouch at beginning of large intestine
colon
: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions
rectum
: stores feces, next to sacrum
anal canal
: opens to outside, contains sphincters
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
salivary amylase
: from salivary gland; carb digestion breaking starch into disaccharides
Pepsin
: from gastric chief cells; digests protein
pancreatic amylase
: breaks starch into disaccharides
pancreatic lipase
: breaks fats into fatty acids & glycerol
Proteolytic enzymes
: 1)trypsin, 2)Chymotrypsin, 3)Carboxypeptidase; from pancreas; break down proteins /partially digested proteins into peptides
nucleases
: from pancres; break nucleic acids into nucleotides
peptidase
: from intestinal mucosal cells: peptides into amino acids
sucrase, maltase, lactase
: from intestinal mucosal cells: break disaccharides into monosaccharides
intestinal lipase
: from intestinal mucosal cells: breaks fats into fatty acids & glycerol
Enterokinase
: from intestinal mucosal cells: converts trypsinogen into trypsin
Major functions of the urinary system
Gets rid of waste & extra fluid.
Filters salts/wastes from blood. Maintains normal concentrations of electrolytes and water, regulating pH/body volume. Control RBC production and BP
1)filtration,2) re-absorption, & 3)secretion
Major organs of the urinary systems
kidneys
: regulate volume, composition, & pH of body fluids. Remove metabolic wastes from blood, forming urine. control RBC formation. Removes metabolic wastes; urea, excess water, salts
Ureters
: muscular tube, urine from kidney to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
: stores urine, excretes it thru urethra
urethra
: transports urine from bladder to outside body. F; 4cm long, between vag & clit. M: longer tube, for reproductive too.
1)Kidney, 2)Ureter, 3)Urinary bladder, 4)Urethra
composition of waste products
: salt, water, nitrogenous waste, +urea
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Carbohydrates
: easy to digest, organic compound;energy source; examples: sugars and starches
starch
: from grains
glycogen
: from meat
disaccharides
: double sugars; EXs: milk sugar, fructose, cane sugar
monosaccharides
: single sugar; examples: glucose (honey, and fruits) *absorbed in small intestine
cellulose
: complex carb. human cannot digest but provides bulk for facilitating movement of food thru intestine
lipids
: organic substance that include fats, oils, and cholesterol
essential fatty acids
: lipids, must be supplied by diet
lipoproteins
: protein & fat clusters, transport fats in blood
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
: large amount of cholesterol, deliver cholesterol to cells
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
: large amount of protein
cholesterol
: used to make bile salts, cell membrane, some sex/adrenal hormones, but NOT an energy source
proteins
: 20 different amino acids, protein requirements vary; nutrients used to build and maintain its cells and tissues and other functions ( enzymes, hormones, antibodies, clotting factor, etc)
vitamins
: organic compounds required in small amounts; found in food; help regulate body processes
minerals
: inorganic compounds needed in small amounts; regulation, growth, & maintenance of body tissues/ functions
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephron
: unit of kidney, produce urine independently
Renal corpuscle
: filtration structure in renal cortex; first step of urine formation
glomerulus
: where filtration takes place, cluster of capillaries, &
glomerular capsule
; cup shped sac, receive filtrate
glomerular capsule
; expanded proximal end of renals tubule
Renal tubule
: glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule.
nephron loop
: descending and ascending limbs
collecting duct
: several distal convuled tubules join to form it, passing from renal cortex into renal medulla emptying into papilla. Carries renal filtrate/urine to renal pelvis
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
URINARY DISEASE
Bladder Cancer
: when cells of bladder grow abnormally; Blood in urine, back pain, pain in lower abdomen
Urinary Tract Infection UTI
: abnormal bacteria in urinary tract; cloudy and frequent usination
Kidney stones
: High levels of salts, and minerals form stones; urinating often, burning us=rine, intense need to urinate.
examples o
f risk factor
s: family history, sexually active women, diabeties, UTIs, type 2 diabetes.
DIGESTIVE DISEASE
Cholecystitis
: Inflammation of gall bladder. S; bloating, nausea, tender abdomen. T; Fasting antibiotics
Colon disease
: IBS or polypsgrowths. abdominal pain, mucus in stool, constipation. T: Diet medication, surgery
Gastrointestinal Reflux Disease (GERD)
:esophageal relaxes and allows contents into esophagus. S: spur taste, sore throat. T: medication, mylanta, tagament.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD
): complex intestinal condition. S; inflammation in digestive tract, anemia, loss apetite. T: medication, surgery, diet adjustment.
Peptic ulcers
: sores in lining of stomach or duodenum. S; heartburn, weight loss, severe chest pain. T: medication, endoscopic surgery