Digestive & Urinary System Period:2 Kaylee Lopez
Major functions of the digestive system
Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients
Mechanical Digestion: breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones
Chemical Digestion: breakdown large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals by breaking down chemical bonds.
Major functions of the urinary system
-Filters salt and wastes from the blood
-Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
Regulates pH and body fluid volume
Helps control red blood production and blood pressure
Major Organs of the Urinary Systems
Kindneys: Helps filter the blood
Ureters: It's a muscular tube that conveys from the kidney to the urinary bladder and due to the angle of the ureters the wall of the bladder acts like a one way-way valve giving urine into the bladder
Urinary Bladder: It's a hollow, distensible, muscular organ lying in the pelvic cavity which helps store urine and excretes it through the urethra
Urethra: It's a tubular organ that transports urine form the urinary bladder to the outside of the body and contains internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) and external urethral spincter (skeletal muscle).
Major organs of the digestive system
Mouth: the mouth recevies food and beings mechanical digestion by mastication which is chewing
Tongue: The muscular organ is composed of skeletal muscle and contains papillae which provides friction for moving food that's in your mouth
Pharynx: It connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus which are the nasaopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Esopahgus: It's a passageway for food leading to the stomach and the lower esophageal helps prevent regugitation of the stomach
Liver: It maintains proper blood concentrations of glucose and other nutrients, stores viatmins, and filters the blood removes red blood cells & forgein substances & toxins
Gallbladder: It stores between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate the bile
Pancrease: Its not endocrine and exocrine gland and it's function is to produce pancreatic juice
Small Intestine: Its recives chyme from the stomach, recives pancreatic juice from pancrease and bile from the liver and gallbladder
Large Intestine: It's 1.5 meters long and mucus is an important secretions for the large instestine which helps pass chyme along the intestine.
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Salivary Amaylase:Begins carbohydrates digeston by breaking down starch to disaccharides
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Pepsin: Begins protein digeston
Pancreatic Amaylase: Breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Proteolytic enzymes (Tryspin, Chymotrysin, Carboxpeptidase): Break down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides
Nuclease: Break down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Peptides: Break down peptides into amino acids
Sucrase, maltase, loctase: break down disaccharides into monoscharides
Intestinal Lipase: Break down fats into fatty acids and gycerol
Enterokinase: Converts trypsinogen into trypsin
Mucosa: It responsible for digestive, absorptive, and it increases the surface area for absorption and expansion after a meal
Submucosa: Its a network of connective tissues, blood vessels, lymphatics, neurons, and esophageal glands and it's a secretory layer
Muscular Layer: It has an outer layer and a inner layer and is responsible for the peristaltic movements and segmental contractions in the alimentary canal
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Cholecystitis: An inflammation in the gallbladder
GERD: A chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A chronic complex that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
Peptic Ulcers: Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach of the duodenum
Bladder Cancer: It happens when cells of the bladder grow abnormally
UTI: It's an abnormal growth of bacteria along the urinary tract
Kidney Stones: Happens when high levels of minerals and salts form.