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Weberianism & Life Chances: - Coggle Diagram
Weberianism & Life Chances:
Weber introded concept of life chances:
Aldridge 2004: refers to opps open to individuals to get a better quality of life
Those with more get better jobs, live longer
Factors affect life chances: employment, earnings, physical exercise, poor education (as it restricts type of job you can do) - good life chances are dependant on good market position
Useful measure of whether or not someone comes form a deprived backgournd = free school meal e.g Education Policy Institute (2020) said that those who qualified for FSM 80% of their schooling, lag behind 20 months behind other students and this gap has not closed since 2011
Life chance also affected by health
people in the most deprived 10% spend around 20 yrs less in good health than the wealthiest 10% in the UK
higher concentration of deprived areas in the north of England
Ethnicity:
Weberian's see ethnic inequalities in terms of labour market position Rex & Tomlinson (1979): use term underclass to mean the lowest social class with lowest social status - this underclass is cut off from rest of wc and is mostly made up of ethnic minorities - they are cut off from acquiring status and joining parties
disadvantages are worsened by racist attitudes due to Britain's colonial past
CA: 2021 CRED Report which concludes that Britain's Black population is no longer defined by colonial past
Barron & Norris (1979): 2 types of jobs and workers - primary labour market: workers have secure jobs, good wages, opps for training whereas secondary labour market: jobs = less secure, low pay, few opps for training - disproportionate number of ethnic minorities in the secondary labour market
However, in the UK in the 2000- there's greater rep of ethnic minorities in the primary sector and TUs - proving Weberian view that with changing attitudes comes improved market situations - critical race theory would argue this isn't possible, it's simply tokenism - to convince people that they are making progress
whiteness denotes status due to a legacy of colonialism and slavery
social closure means that parties that offer white people help in improving their market situation means ethnic minorities are excluded
Social class - see notes in folder
difference in class comes from market position - how much demand there is for their skills and how hard it is to qualify for them
gender inequalities:
institutions e.g golf clubs function as unofficial places for party connections (valuable contacts to strike deals) - mostly men
men have more status and are often members of parties that assist them in advancing their careers, they are able to take the glass evaluator past the glass ceiling that vertically segregate women and men
Barron & Norris (1976): primary sector: secure, well paid jobs - secondary sector: insecure, low-paid - men are employed in both but mainly primary - women only is secondary
reasons for gendering the workplace: women have to take secondary sector jobs due to their dual role as homemaker and carer - limits their market position
men are able to commit to a long-term career in the primary sector as women normally take time off for pregnancy, thus lack status as housewife/mother (although hakim's preference theory argues housewife and mother does offer status) - women are also less likely to be part of a party e.g TU therefore easy to get rid of
Age ineqaulities:
youth and elderly lack status as their not in full-time employment - cut off from powerful parties, so can be easily dismissed
Jones et al: those of higher social class can experience retirement positively
signif of the grey pound (older people have more money as house prices increase) shows how market positions shifts
Dowd (1986): elderly - 'immigrants in time' and 'strangers in their own land - elderly have a different culture from the young, who are 'at home' in the present - loss of status is inevitable
Turner (1989): age inequality is to do with status e.g ageing takes away social, cultural and economic capital (not just economic as marxists would say) - there cultural capital becomes out of date as they age