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Digestive & Urinary System Celine Cercado p.2 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System Celine Cercado p.2
Major functions of the digestive system
Carries out process of digestion
mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients
digestive system consists of alimentary canal
leading from mouth to anus and several accessory organs whose secretion help process of digestion
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones
chemical composition isn't changed by this process
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
breaks down large nutrient molecules into small chemicals
Major functions of the urinary system
filters salts & waste from blood
maintain normal concentration of electrolytes
regulates pH and Body fluids volume
helps control blood cell production and blood pressure
Major organs of the digestive system
MOUTH
1st portion of alimentary canal
receives food & begins mechanical digestion by mastication(chewing)
surrounded by lips cheeks tongue and palate
PHARYNX
throat
cavity lying posterior to the mouth
connects to the nasal & oral cavity with larynx and esophagus
ESOPHAGUS
muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach
lower esophageal sphincter helps prevent regulation of stomach contents into esophagus
STOMACH
J-shaped muscular organ in upper left abdominal quadrant
receives food from esophagus
mixes food with digestive juices
limited absorption of nutrients occur in stomach
propels food to small intestines
PANCREAS
both endocrine and exocrine gland
produce pancreas juice that aids digestion
pancreatic Juices
pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic Lipase breaks down triglycerides to glycerol & fatty acids
2 nucleus breaks down nucleic acids to nucleotide
LIVER
Reddish brown
located in upper right quadrant of abdominal cavity
Body's largest internal organ
divided into large right and left lobes
enclosed by fibrous copsule
maintain proper blood concentration of glucose & other nutrients
stores glycogen vitamin A,D,& B and iron
filters the blood, removing damaged red blood cells & foreign substances & removes toxins
GALLBLADDER
pear- shaped sac on the inferior surface of liver
Contraction of its muscular wall releases bile into duodenum
SMALL INTESTINES
receives chyme from stomach
receives pancreatic juice from pancreas & bile from liver & gallbladder
finishes digestion of nutrients that arrive the chyme
Transports remaining residue to large intestine
Duodenum
shortest & most fixed portion of small intestine
stomach empties chyme directly into here
Jejunum
makes up prominal 2/5th of small intestines
slightly larger diameter than ileum
more active in digestion process
Ileum
most distal portion
LARGE INTESTINES
named large because its diameter larger than that of small intestine
about 1.5 meters long
begins lower right portion of abdominal cavity at cecum
ascends on the right crosses to the left & descends on left
opens to outside of the body as anus
adsorbs water & electrolytes, & forms and stores feces
TONGUE
thick, muscular organ, composed of skeletal muscle
covered by mucous membrane
Major organs of the urinary systems
KIDNEYS
filters blood
reddish brown, bean shaped organ 12 cm long
enclosed in tough fibrous capsule
retroperitoneal, behind parietal peritoneum
regulates volume, composition, and pH of body fluids
removes metabolic wastes the blood in process,
help controls rate-red blood cell formation
URETHRA
tubular organ transports urine from urinary bladder to outside body
females its 4 cm long and its the opening between vaginal & clitoris
Males: much longer and serves both urinary and reproductive systems
runs through prostate glands and penis
Contains internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) & external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
URINARY BLADDER
hollow, distensible, muscular organ lying in pelvic cavity
stores urine and excretes it through urethra
portion of lower forms internal urethral sphincter
URETERS
Muscular tube that conveys urine from kidney to urinary bladder
Begins funnel shaped renal pelvis
due to angle at which ureters enter urinary bladder
wall of bladder acts as one-way valve, propelling urine into bladder
preventing it from flowing backward
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Secreted by epithelial cells of mucosa
embedded in their microvilli
PEPTIDASES
break down disaccharides to amino acids
SUCRASE, MALTASE, AND LACTOSE
Breakdown disaccharides to monosaccharides
INTESTINAL LIPASE
breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol
PANCREATIC AMYLASE
breaks down starch into disaccharides
PANCREATIC LIPASE
Breaks down triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
CARBOHYDRATE
are broken into monosaccharides which can be absorbed
monosaccharides absorbed in small intestines are fructose and galactose and glucose
LIPIDS
Liver regulates amount of lipids in circulation
converting free fatty acids into triglycerides, phospholipids and lipoproteins
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
MOUTH
oral cavity is the chamber between the palate and tongue
narrow space between teeth, cheeks and lips called vestibule
ESOPHAGUS
straight, collapsible food passageway leading to the stomach
extends downward through an opening in diaphragm
mucous glands scattered throughout submucosa produce mucus to moisten & lubricate inner lining of tube
STOMACH
Ruage or gastric folds of muscosa and submucosa allow for distention
PARTS OF STOMACH
CARDIA
small region near opening to esophagus
FUNDUS
small rounded region superior to cardia
BODY REGION
main portion of stomach, between fundus and pylorus
PLYORUS
distal portion, near small intestine
pyloric canal is narrowed area close to small intestines
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
end of pyloric canal
muscular ring controls release of food from stomach into small intestine
SMALL INTESTINE
Absorbs digestive end products
STRUCTURE
inner wal of small intestine lined with finger-like intestinal villi
greatly increased surface area available for absorption
aid in mixing actions
consists of simple columnar epithelium with core of connective tissue
housing blood capillaries and lymphatic capillary called lacteal
SECRETIONS
MUCUS
secreted in small intestine by goblet cells
abundant throughout mucosa and mucus-secreting glands located in submucosa of duodenum
WATERY FLUID
carries digestive products into villi
secreted by intestinal glands at bases of villi
LARGE INTESTINE
PARTS OF LARGE INTESTINE
CECUM
pouch at beginning of large intestine
appendix projecting downward from it
doesn't digest or adsorb nutrients
Mucus only important secretion by numerous goblet cells
mucus helps pass remaining chyme along large intestine
absorbs electrolytes and water
COLON
consists of ascending transverse descending and sigmoid regions
RECTUM
striahgt secretion of large intestine
lies next to sacrum
ANAL CANAL
opens outside of anus
guarded by an involuntary internal anal sphincter
voluntary external and sphincter
Nephron anatomy and physiology
functional unit of kidney
can produce urine independently
consists or renal corpuscle and renal tubule
RENAL CORPUSCLE
filtration structure in renal cortex
1st step of urine formation
cluster of capillaries, glomerulus, and glomerular capsule
cup shaped sac that receives filtrate
RENAL TUBULE
Several distal convoluted tubules join to become a collecting
duct
passes from renal cortex into renal medulla
emptying into minor cortex at papilla
Glomerular capsule actually expanded proximal end of renal tubule
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
BLADDER CANCER
One or more tumor in the bladder
RISKS
smoking
Radiation
History of cancer in family
SYMPTOMS
pain when urinating
Back pain
Pain in lower abdomen
TREATMENT
Chemotherapy
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
UTI
Abdominal growth of bacteria
RISKS
sexually active women
women with diabetes
surgeries performed near or on urinary tract
SYMPTOMS
burning when urinating
pain in lower pelvic area
blood in urine
TREATMENTS
antibiotic pills
consuming cranberry a juice
Cranberry tablets
CHOLECYSTITIS
inflammation of gall bladder
RISKS
Digestive tumors
Blackage of bile duct
Inflammation
SYMPTOMS
tender abdomen
sweating
nausea
TREATMENT
Medication
fasting
antibiotics
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
Stomach contents leak back up through esophagus
RISKS
Obesity
pregnancy
smoking
SYMPTOMS
Chest pain
heartburn
dry cough
TREATMENT
over the counter medication
prescription medication
surgery
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Inflammation of intestinal lining
RISKS
causes are unknown
genetics
Immune
SYMPTOMS
Abdominal pain
cramping
fever
TREATMENTS
Medication
antibiotics
surgery
PEPTIC ULCERS
sores and inflammation of colon
RISKS
stress
smoking
alcohol abuse
SYMPTOMS
heart burn
nausea
bloating
TREATMENT
Lifestyle changes
medication
Endoscopic surgery
COLON DISEASES
POLYPS
growth
RISKS
age
heredity
Radiation
SYMPTOMS
Bloody stool
Diarrhea
Constipation
TREATMENT
None
surgical removal
diet adjustment
COLOBRECTAL CANCER
uncontrolled cell growth in colon
RISKS
Diet
Heredity
Radiation
SYMPTOMS
Bloody stool
bloating
fatigue
TREATMENT
Surgery
Radiation
Mediation
KIDNEY STONES
contains many dissolved mineral and salts
RISKS
Chronic UTIs
long-term tubes in kidney
poor bladder emptying
SYMPTOMS
no symptoms
intense need to urinate often
burning feeling while urinating
TREATMENT
medication
surgery
stones to pass themselves