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Digestive & Urinary System- Destiny Quinteros P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System- Destiny Quinteros P.2
Major functions of the digestive system
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients
Mechanical Digestion
breaks down food
chemical composition isn't changed
Chemical Digestion
breaks down large nutrients molecules to smaller chemicals
breaking down chemical bonds
Major functions of the urinary system
Filters salts & wastes from blood
Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes & water
Regulates pH & body fluid volume
Helps control red blood cells (production & blood pressure)
GI tract Layers
Mucosa
Mucus membrane surrounds line of tube
- inner layer
protects tissue
Carries on secretion & absorption of dietary nutrients
some mucosa is modified to fold or projections, increase surface area
Consists
epithelium, underlying connective tissue, some smooth muscle
Submucosa
Nourishes surrounding layers of canal
- lies under mucosa
vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
Consists
loose connective tissue, housing blood & lymphatic vessels, nerves, glands
Muscularis
Propels food through canal
2 Layers
inner circular layer
outer longitudinal layer
Serosa
- Outer most layer/ visceral peritomeum
Protects underlying tissue & secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between organs
Major organs of the urinary systems
Kidneys
Retroperitoneal, behind periemtal peritomeum
Reddish brown, bean-shaped, 12 cm long
enclosed in tough, fibrous capsules
Structure
Hilum
: medial depression in kidney, leaks to hollow chamber; renal sinus, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels & uterer entrance/exit
*lateral side convex, medial side is concave
Inside renal sinus lies renal pelvis that subdivided into major & minor calyces
Renal pelvis is expanded to superior end of ureter
2 Major Regions
Renal Medula
Consists
: cone shaped structures
Renal Cortex
Surrounds
: Renal medulla
Granular appearance, due to presence of tiny, round, structures called renal corpuscle; part of functional units of kidneys, nephrons
Functions
Regulates volume, composition, & pH of body fluids
Remove metabolic wastes from Blood in process, forms Uribe
Helps control rate of red blood cell formation
Urinary Bladder
Hollow, distensible , muscular organ lying on pelvic cavity
stores urine, exits through urethra
lower bladder forms internal urethral sphincter
Urethra
Tubular organ; transporting urine out of the body
Contains
Internal Urethral sphincter (smooth muscle)
External Urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Differences
Female
4 cm long
opening between vaginal opening & clitoris
Male
longer
both urinary & reproductive system organ
Runs throughout prostate glands & penis
Ureters
muscular tube (kidney -> bladder)
funnel-shaped renal pelvis
Angle of entry acts as bladder one-way valve, propels urine to bladder, prevents flow back
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Secreted by epithelial cells of mucosa & embedded in microvilli
Peptiases
: breaks down dipeptides to amino acids
Sucrase, maltase, lactase:
break down disaccharides to monosacchrides
Intestinal lipase
: breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids & glycerol
Major Enzymes
Salivary Amylase
Salivary glands
-begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
Pepsin
Gastric cheif cells
begins protein digestion
Parcreatic Amylase
Pancreas
breakdown starch to disaccharides
Pancreatic Lipase
Pancreas
break down fats to fatty acids/glycerol
Proteolytic Enzymes
Pancreas
breakdown proteins or partially digested proteins to peptides
a. trypsin
b. chymotrypsin
c. carboxpeptidase
Intestinal lipase
Intestinal mucosal cells
breaks down fats to fatty acids & glycerol
Enterokinase
Intestinall mucosal cells
convert trypsinogen
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Used as source of energy
Sources:
Starch
from grains
Glycogen
from meat
Disaccharides
(milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, molasses)
Monosaccharides
from honey & fruits
Digestion
Begins in mouth
Complex carbs are broken down to monosaccharides (glucose) to be absorbed
Absorption
Occurs in liver,
this converts the carbs into glucose and then is used as energy, the remaining glucose turns into fats and is stored in adipose tissue
Lipids
-Organic Substances
Fats
Oils
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Most Common:
Triglycerides
Supplies energy for cellular processes, build structures like cell mem & synthesize certain hormones
Digestion
Starts in stomach
Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids & glycerides
Absorption
Begins in mouth
Proteins
20 different amino acids
Functions
cell & body
enzyme
hormones
antibodies
clotting factors
Digestion
Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine
Absorption
Small intestine
Digestive Organs
f
Mouth
First part of GI tract
Function
: receives food and starts mechanical digestion; mastication
Vestibule
: narrow space of teeth, cheeks, & lips
Parts
Cheeks
form wall
involved in chewing and expression
Lips
Mobile structure surrounding mouth portion
Contains: sensory receptors to detect temp + texture of food
Tongue
Thick muscular organ, composed of skeletal muscle
Covered in mucous membrane, taste buds along sides of papillae
Surface > projections; papille > provide friction for moving food on mouth
Lingual tonsils; lymphatic tissue placed at root of tongue
Palate
Forms roof of oral cavity
posterior part = soft palate
Vulva
closes off nasal cavity during swallowing
Consists: anterior, bony hard palate & posterior soft palate
Palatine Tonsils
Masses of lymphatic tissue associated with palate in back of mouth; help protect body against infection
Pharyngeal Tonsils (adenoids)
lymphatic tissue masses, on posterior wall of pharynx, above border of soft palate
Teeth
Chew, breakdown food into smaller pieces, beginning mechanical digestion
Process
20 shed with appearane
(primary deciduous teeth)
32 replace them
(permanent teeth)
2 sets
(develop in socket within alveolar processes of maxillary & mandibular bone
(Incisors, cuspid, bicuspids, & molars) handle food differently
Mechanical Digestion makes digestion much simpler; increases surface for enzyme access to food particles
Salivary Glands
Types
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Secrete saliva; moisten, dissolves food particles, binds them together, aids in tasting, help cleanse mouth + teeth,
begin carbohydrate digestion
Contains
Serous cell
s--> make watery fluid having salivary amylase, &
mucous cells
making lubricating + binding
mucus
Amylase breaks down starch
to disaccharides
Pharynx (throat)
cavity lying posterior to mouth
Three Portions
Nasopharynx: top portion, air passage behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx: middle portion
Laryngopharynx: bottom portion, passageway way to esophagus
Sallowing Mechanism
3 Stages:
1.
Voluntary stage
Food is chewed & mixed with saliva = Bolus
Bolus is forced into oropharynx by tongue
2.
Triggers swallowing reflex (involuntary)
Epiglottis doses of larynx
Peristaltiv wave begins in pharynx & proceeds towards esophages
Breathing is inhibited briefly
3.
Peristalsis transports food from esophagus to stomach
Stomach
mixes food with digestive juices
Rugae, or gastric folds, of mucosa & submucosa for disention
Receives food from esophagus & begins digestion of proteins
Limited absorption of nutrients of nutrients occur in stomach
Parts
Cardia
(c)
Small region near opening to to esophagus
Fundus
small round region superiot to cardia
Body Region
main portion, between fundus & pylorus
Pylorus
distal portion, near small intestine
Narrowed area close to small intestine
pylorus sphincter, end of phlric cannal, muscular rings that control the release into our of the stomach to small intestines
Gastric Secretions
Glands within thick mucosa of stomach opens to lumen and gastric pits
Secretory cells
Mucous Cells
Produces mucus protecting stomach lining
Chief Cells
Secrete pepsin (digest protein) as inactive pepsinogen,activated when incontact with hydrochloric acid
Pariental Cells
Secrete hydrochlric acid; activates pepsinogen, &intrinsic factor; is required for vitamin B12 absorbtion from small intestines
Absorption
Stomach absorbs small quantities
Water
Certain salts
Alcohol
Some lipid-soluble drugs
Mixtures & Exiting
Food turns into chyme
Passed toward pyloric region using peristaltic waves
-Enters duodenum of small intestine
Emptying rate depends on constancy of chyme
Liquids=quick
Fats = 3-6hrs
Proteins&Carbohydrates = quick
Small Intestine
Long tubular organ; runs from stomach to beginning of large intestine
Makes up large portion of abdominal cavity
Functions
: Finishes the digestion of nutrients that are left and absorbs the nutrients that are left in the chyme
Receives chyme from stomach
Receives bile & pancreatic juice
Finishes digestion of nutrients that arrive in chyme
Absorbs digestive end products
Transports remaining reside to large intestine
Consists
: 3 parts
Duodenum
: part where stomach dumps chyme into
Jejunum
: most active digestive area
Lleum
: most distal portion
Jejunum& Lleum contain
Greater Omentum
that holds intestine in place ; double fold a peritoneal membrane = blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels; in intestinal wall
Secrete
:
Mucus
Secreted by goblet cells; abundant through out mucosa/mucus secreting glands
Watery Liquids
Carries digestive products into villi
Secreted
by intestinal glands, at base of villi
Enzymes
Secreted
by epithelial cells of mucosa & embedded microvilli
Peptidases
: break down dipeptides into amino acids
Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase
: break down disaccharides to monosaccharides
Intestinal Lipase
: breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids & glycerol
Inner lining
Villi
: increased surface area for absorption & mixing actions (transports dietary nutrients out of alimentary canal
Movements
Segmentation (mixing movement)
Contracting rings break up chyme & move it back & forth, mixing it & slowing its movements down intestine
Peristalsis (propelling movements)
Waves are weak, propel chyme short distances chyme 3-10hrs to travel small intestine
Large intestine
Function
absorbs water & electrolytes form & stores; feces
Important secretion is mucus; helps pass remaining chyme along path
4 Parts:
Cecum
First part
pouch lat beginning + appendix projecting it own wards
Colon
Consists
: assending, transverse, decending, & sigmoid regions
Rectum
straight portion next to sacrum
Anal Canal:
opens to outside of body, guarded by an involuntary internal anal sphincter & voluntary external anal sphincter
Contains
: Intestinal flora that synthesize's vitamins (K, B12, thimaine, riboflauin)
HUMANS CAN"T BREAK DOWN CELLULOSE: PASSES THROUGH BODY FIBER
Movements
SLOWER!!
Peristaltic waves
occur only 2-3 times in day, after meal; respond to gastrocotic reflex
Defecation
Stimulated
by a defecation reflex; forces feces into rectum where can be expelled
Feces
Undigested material
Water (75%)
Electrolytes
Mucus
Shed intestinal cells
Bacteria
Esophagus
straight muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach
Food passageway
Extends downwards through opening in diaphragm
Mucus glands scatter throughout sub-mucous produce mucus to moisten & lubricate inner lining of tube
Lower sphinchter helps to prevent regurgitation of stomach contents
Accessory Organs
Pancreas
=Endocine & exocrine gland
Function
: produces pancreatic juice; aids in digestion
Juices
Contains
: enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, & nucleic acids
Pancreatic Amylase;
breaks down into disaccharides
Pancreatic Lipase
; breaks down trigkycerides to glycerol & fatty acids
Liver
Reddish-brown
color
Location
: upper right quadtant of abdominal cavity >
body's largest internal organ
Structure
: divided into large right & left lobes
Functions
metabolical activites > carbohydrates, lipids & proteins
maintains proper blood concentration > glucose/ other nutrients
Stores glycogen, vitamins A,B12, & D + Iron
Synthesizes lipoproteins, phosphalipids, & cholesterol
Filters blood, removing damaged red blood cells 7 foreign substances & removes toxins
Secretes Bile
Composed
> water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, & electrolytes
Pigments
: Bilirubin & Biliuerbin - are broken down products of hemoglobin from worn out red blood cells
Function
: Break down large fat globules to smaller droplets; increases their solubility in water
Gallbladder
Pear shaped sac
in interior surface of liver
Function
: Stores bile between meals & reabsorbs water to concentrate bile
Contraction
of its muscular wall releases bile into duodenum
Certain conditions >
cholesterol may precipitate in gallbladder to form gallbladder stones
; often have to be surgically removed
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Functional unit of kidney; produces urine independently
About 1 million nephrons per kidney
Consists
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerular capsule is actually expanded proximal end of renal tube
Consists
: cluster of capillaries, glomerulus & a glomerular capsule, a cup-shaped sac that receives filtrate
Filtration structure in renal cortex; performs 1st step in urine formation
Renal Tubule
Consists
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop (descending & ascending limps)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Glomerular capsule
Many distal convoluted tubules join and become collecting ducts, passing from renal cortex to renal medulla, emptying minor calyx at papilla
Urine Formation
3 Process
Glomerular
1st step
in urine formation
Glomerulus filters water & small substances from blood plasma:
transports
to glomerular capsule; glomerular fultrate
Filtrates
= water electrolytes, small nutrients molecule, small waste molecules
(no large plasma protein)
Moves to renal tube
Filters about 180 liters per-day
Tubular Reabsorption
Usefull filtered substances transported; filtrate to blood to pertubular capillaries
re-absorption occurs in proximal convoluted tubule <-- microvilli provide large absorption area
(renal tube) (Glucose, amino acids, water re-absorption
Important substances return to blood
Tubular Secretions
Additional wastes from blood are moved from peritubular capillaries to renal tubule
20% of plasma filtered: glomerulus
80% transported; efferent arteriole & then peritubular capillaries
Waste & large molecules some join formarion of urine by tubular secretion
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of gall bladder
Causes
Age
digestive tumors
diet
Symptoms
fever
sweating
nausea
Treatment
medication
antibiotics
fasting
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Causes
obesity
asthma
frequent acid reflux
Symptoms
chest pain
heart burn
sour taste
Treatments
surgery
prescription meds
over the counter medication
Chronic disease occurs when
esophageal sphincter relaxes,
allowing
continents of stomach to move upward
Colon Diseases
Colorectal cancer;
uncontrolled cell growth in colon
Causes
radiation
diet
chemical exposure
Symptoms
bloody stool
bloating
weight loss
Treatments
Medication
surgery
diet
Polyps-Growth
Causes
age
heredity
diet
Symptoms
diarrhea
asymptomatic
constipation
Treatments
Non
surgical removal
diet
Peptic Ulcers
Sores that develop in lining of stomach or duodenum
Causes
imbalance in gastric juices
excess acid production
alcohol abuse
Symptoms
heart burn
vomiting
bloody vomit
Treatments
lifestyle changes
medication
endoscopic surgery
Bladder Cancer
body cells grow out of control tumors in bladder lining
Caused
second hand smoking
family cancer
exposure to chemicals
Symptoms
pain while urination
plain in your lower abdomen
back pain
Treatments
surgery/ medication
chemical therapy
radiation therapy
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
abnormal growth of bacteria; along urinary tract
Causes
cystitis infection of bladder
urethritis infection urethra
pyclonephritis infection
Symptoms
burning during urination
pain in lower abdominal
cloudy urine
Treatments
oral antibiotic pills
antibiotics
Kidney Stones
hard stones in kidney
Cause
high levels of minerals & salts
dark/red urine (from blood)
maybe
Non
Symptoms
Maybe
Non
buring feeling while urinating
Treatments
time
medication
surgery