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Middle Ages, Early Christian style, Byzantine style, Gothic Style,…
Middle Ages
Between classical and Renaissance era.
Man is the measure of all things to God and church measure of all things.
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Medieval/ Dark ages - people kept in the dark by church
Church considered classical mentality a sin - art restricted.
Christianity spread more when emperor Constantine the great switches his empire to polytheism (more than one God) to monotheism. (only one god)
Early Christian style
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Most rigid, unrealistic, inhuman kind of art - strict
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Constantine - set rules for artists especially architecture:
Internal and external parts of basilica rigid.
Banned sculpture.
Changes name of sacred places.
Low buildings.
Architecture -
Basilicas: Place of worship in the shape o a cross.
Choir, Nave and Aisles - 3 parts.
Examples - Santa Maria Moggiore Rome.
Paintings-
Frescos
Pope Gregory the great - painting can do for the illiterate what writing does for those who can read. **
Used tot each about God - only nobles and church members were illiterate.
Figures shown - God, saints, angles, popes. Artists.
Mosaics-
The Miracle of the loaves and fishes.
Found in basilica St Apollinare, nuovo.
Simple
Religious
Golden background
Gold-symbolic-light-God
Unrealistic- lack of detail to anatomy.
Boring dull rigid static
Facial expressions emotionless
No nudity and contrapposto
Byzantine style
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Paintings- To teach illiterate about glory, majesty, greatness, holiness of divinity.
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Figure painted in this era - Christ (Christ the Pantocrator)
Golden colours- divinity.
On walls of basilica
Huge figure - authority
3 pointed fingers
Improvement in facial expressions - serious face - power.
Basilicas with Byzantine art:
Santa Sophia Istanbul.
Duomo of Monreale, Palermo, Sicily
Our Lady ( Enthroned Madonna and Child)
More human like and more realistic.
Motherly love through facial expressions.
Divinity with human feature- first time.
Golden colour- divine.
Contrapposto- upper body looking at spectator and legs shifted.
Throne-gold represents colosseum- great power.
Two circles enclosing *2 angles at corners- less important.
Gothic Style
Gothic style- linked to God and man - pointed archs-> climax
Most modern style of this time
Secular type of art of "barbarian"
Formed thanks to Romanesque style.
Most human life art- climax in middle ages.
Main Characteristics of cathedrals:
Vertically tall- high
Internal part together with roof- rib vaults- covering a wide space.
Flying buttresses- forming an arch with the wall it supports.
Polychromatic stained glass.
Examples - Saint Denis, France
Milan Cathedral, Milan
Notre dame, France
Giotto
Proto-renaissance artist in Florence.
Starting point of Renaissance
Brought revolution to western art.
Giotto- part of Gothic era more prominent tin Renaissance. - more important to man and link between man and god shows through arches and steeples.
Church started to work hand in hand with business man to sponsor artists.
The Enthroned Madonna-
Flat figure
2D
no contours
no perspective
no gravity knowledge - figure on arch coming out of nowhere.
Angles looking out of point
Organissanti Madonna by Giotto-
Round and solid figure
3D
Depth and perspective- shading of drapery
Holds baby with two hands - gravity
on a base and steps more realistic
angles looking towards Madonna and child.
Arena Chapel - In paduna
Blue colour -Giotto introducing nature to paintings.
Golden starts nature.
Expressions and Contrapposto Evident.
Nativity
Fresco in Arena Chapel
Birth of Jesus
Split into foreground.
Sense of movement
Main inventions of Giotto - blue skies, nature 3d, solid figures, drapery folds, rear view images and movement and emotions.
Romanesque Style
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Architecture-
Semi circles
Big huge Cathedrals
Cathedrals used for secular activities.
Statues started appearing in Cathedrals
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