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Crude oil extracted from salts/supply from offshore - Coggle Diagram
Crude oil extracted from salts/supply from offshore
SECOND STEP: DISTILLATION
Atmospheric Distillation:
Place:
Distilling column, near atmospheric pressure.
Temperature
: 350-450 degree celsius (no oxygen & vapor / liquid)
Lighter hydrocarbons
remained
as vapor longer &
condensed
on higher trays. Heavier hydrocarbon condense
quicker
&
settle
on lower trays
Vacuum Distillation:
Pressure
: Tower will be in reduce pressure (
10-20
mmHg)
Heavy hydrocarbons separated
without partly cracking
into unwanted product (450 or higher degree celsius) . Hydrocarbons with above 750 degree celsius will be fractionated into
light and heavy vacuum gas oils
&
vacuum residuum streams.
In
vacuum tower
: 1st phase may produce gas oils, lubricating oil base stock & heavy residual. 2nd phase will operating at lower vacuum to distill surplus residuum.
THIRD STEP: CONVERSION
Unification
Alkylation
To combine
low molecular-weight olefins with isobutene
in the presence of catalyst (
sulfuric acid & hydrofluoric acid
)
Rearrangement
Hydrotreating
Catalytic reforming
To convert
low octane naphthas
into
high octane gasoline blending components that called as
reformates**
Use
Platinum
as the active catalyst
Hydrodesulfurization
Decomposition
Thermal cooking
Delayed cooking:
More light & middle distillate/product will produce
by
pyrolysis
/
thermolysis
Visbreaking:
Mild form of thermal cracking
and
lowers the viscosity
of heavy crude oils residue which is the product is
cracked residue
Coking:
Severe method
of thermal cracking to upgrade heavy residuals into lighter products and produce solid coke with
desired
properties
Catalytic cracking
1) Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Convert
heavy gas oils
into
lighter products
.
2)Hydrocracking: Two-stage process to
combine catalytic cracking and hydrogenation
where heavier feedstock cracking in the presence of
hydrogen gas
FOURTH STEP: TREATMENT
Hydrotreating
Hydrogenation process
to remove 90% of contaminations
such as nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and metals
Use to catalytic cracking to
reduce sulfur and improve product yields
Converts olefins and aromatics to
saturated
products
Catalytic Hydrodesulfurization
Hydrotreating to
remove sulfur
In reactor: Sulfur and nitrogen in the feedstock are converted into
hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gas
Hydrodesulfurized products are
blended or used as catalytic reforming feedstock
.
FIRST STEP: PRE-TREATMENT
Dehydration:
Function: To reduce
water content
to acceptable values for transportation.
How: Using economic combination of 4 techniques which are
residence time, chemical addition, heat and electrostatic fields
Desaltation
Function: To remove
water and contaminations
such as inorganic salts, suspended solid & water-soluble trace minerals
How: Start by
hot water addition with surfactant.
The oil & water will be separated in the tank, and water will be settles out.
Sweetening:
Function: To remove
hydrogen sulfide gas
to reduce extreme toxicity or corrosiveness when handling transportation.
How:
Heating
/
stripping gas with natural gas
that available from reservoir
Stabilization
Function: To remove
more volatile hydrocarbons
and
lower the vapor pressure
to ensure the safety when handling and transport.
How: Control the vapor pressure by
stage separation
and
re-boiled distillation.
Not require additional sweetening.