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NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS - Coggle Diagram
NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
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delirium
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clinical picture
confusion, disturbed concentration, cognitive dysfunction
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impairments in memory, attention, disorganized thinking, hallucinations, delusions, disturbance in sleep cycle, wild thrashing about
common in the elderly and in children; depression, dementia, tobacco use, cardiac surgery; head injury, infection, drug intoxication, withdrawal
treatments
most are reversible (medication -- narcoleptics, environmental manipulations, and family support), unless when caused by terminal illness or severe brain trauma
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Alzheimer's disease
overview
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imperceptible onset, resulting in delirium and death (can be diagnosed only post-partum after an autopsy of the brain)
clinical picture
onset after 45; multiple cognitive deficits , not just memory
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deterioration continues downward over a course of months or years, lowered resistance to disease, death (median = 5.7 yr)
prevalence
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not an inevitable consequence of aging, just a major risk factor
rate doubles about every 5 years after a person reaches 40; women>men (loneliness); being a smoker, having a few years of education, lower income, lower occupational status, long-term use of benzos
microbiomes (associated w/ amyloid), diabetes (abnormally low insulin levels)... diet
causal factors
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but, most cases occur in a family of no history of such genes or diseases
APOE gene on chromosome 19 (late onset, has 3 alleles E2-4, with 2 being protective, 3 being neutral, and 4 being risky) (significant predictor of memory deterioration) (most people w/ this gene do not go on to develop the disorder -- environment)
neuropathology
amyloid plaques
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interferes w/ synaptic functioning, can be neurotoxic, triggers inflammation (production of cytokines)
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treatments
behavioral approaches (labeling objects, introducing, placing objects for a single task together, identity bracelets...)
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