Solar System
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Saturn
Mars
Uranus
Neptune
Moon
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun with a distance of about 58 million km. Mercury is a little bigger than Earth's moon. Mercury does not have any moons or rings. Your weight on Mercury would be 38% of your weight in Earth. A year on Mercury takes 88 Earth days. Mercury has a diameter of 4.879 km, making it the smallest planet. Mercury has a very thin atmosphere, so daytime temperature can reach 430°C and drop to -180°C at night. Mercury is composed of 70% metal and 30% silicate.
Solar System is home to Earth and 700,000 planets. Each planet rotates on its own axis when revolving around the sun. Every planet has unique characteristics and qualities that set it apart from the rest. The solar system is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. The solar system was formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud.
Jupiter
Venus is the second brightest natural object in the sky. Venus is sometimes referred to as the "morning star" and the "evening star". Venus is sometimes called Earth's sister planet. One day in Venus lasts 243 Earth days because Venus rotates in the opposite direction to other planets, with its Sun rising in the west and setting in the east. Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system with an average surface temperature of 462°C (863°F), it has a high percentage of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere which traps the heat. Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun at a distance of 108 million km. Venus has no rings nor moons.
Planets in Our Solar System
Inner Planets (Terrestial Planets) consists of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Made of rocky materials, the surfaces are solid, and they don't have rings. They have very few moons & relatively small.
Outer Planets (Jovian Planets) consists of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Their common characteristics are; lie beyond the asteroid belt; having a large system of moons; each having a ring system; lack of a surface (have gaseous surfaces), at least when compared to inner planets; gas giants (contains mostly gases); huge compared to inner planets. Jupiter and Saturn are the gas giants meanwhile the Uranus and Neptune are the ice giants. Gas giants are predominantly helium and hydrogen. Ice giants contain rock, ice, mixture of water, methane, and ammonia.
The earth's rotation is gradually slowing down. There is only one natural satellite of the planet Earth which is the Moon. Earth does not have a ring. The earth was once believed to be the centre of the universe. A year on earth just last over 365 days. A day on earth is 24 hours. Earth is the only planet in our solar system that has water in liquid form and oxygen therefore it supports life. Earth is the third closest planet to the Sun at a distance of about 150 million km. Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other ingredients.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun at a distance of about 228 million km and the last of the terrestrial planets. Mars is known as the Red Planet because iron minerals in the Martian soil oxidize, or rust, causing the soil and atmosphere to look red. The tallest mountain known in the solar system is on Mars (Olympus Mons). Mars does not have a magnetic field. The two moons of mars is Phobos and Deimos. It takes Mars 687 Earth days to orbit the Sun. One day on mars takes a little over 24 hours.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun at a distance of about 778 million km. Its main characteristics are that Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system and it has a red spot. Jupiter's diameter is 86,881 miles (139,822 km). The orbit is 11.9 Earth years. A day in Jupiter equals to 9.8 Earth hours. There are 50 known moons and 17 more waiting for confirmation (according to the other video, it has 79 moons). The distance from the sun is 778.346.821 km. In 1979 the Voyager mission discovered Jupiter's faint ring system. Jupiter's atmosphere is made up mostly of hydrogen (H2) and helium (He).
Moon is an astronomical body orbiting Earth as its only natural satellite. The moon was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, when according to one theory, the Earth slammed into another planet. We only see one side of the moon all the time. It goes around the Earth at a distance of about 385 thousand km. With a radius of 1,737.5 km, the moon is less than a third the width of Earth. The moon's effect on the Earth: High and low tides. The moon is the brightest and largest object in our night sky. Moon is a rocky, solid-surface body with much of its surface cratered and pitted from impacts. The moon has a very thin and tenuous atmosphere called an exosphere. It's not breathable.
Jupiter's red spot or "The Great Red Spot" is a giant, spinning storm in Jupiter's atmosphere. It is like a hurricane on Earth, but it is much larger. Nobody knows when the Great Red Spot first appeared on Jupiter, but it has been seen on Jupiter ever since people started looking through telescopes about 400 years ago.
Sixth planet from the sun & second largest planet in our solar system. It has giant rings. Saturn's diameter is 74900 miles (120500 km). The orbit is 29.5 Earth years. A day in Saturn is 10 Earth hours. It has 30 known moons and 9 more waiting for confirmation (As of January 2022, Saturn has 82 moons). The distance from the sun is 1,426,666,422 km. Saturn has the most spectacular ring system, with 7 rings and several gaps & division between them. Saturn's atmosphere is made up mostly of hydrogen (H2) and helium (He).
Uranus is about 4 times wider than the Earth. Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun and the third largest planet in our solar system. Uranus is the only planet tilted on its side. It rotates oppositely from other planets. Uranus is also the coldest planet. Its diameter is 31,763 miles (51,120 km). The orbit is 84 Earth years. A day in Uranus equals to 16.8 Earth hours. Uranus has 27 moons and 13 known rings. The inner rings are narrow and dark while the outer rings are brightly colored. The distance from the sun is 2,870,658,186 km. Uranus is made mostly of molecular hydrogen and atomic helium, with a small amount of methane.
Eighth planet from the sun. It has strong winds, sometimes even faster than the speed of sound. If Jupiter has the red spot, then Neptune has the dark spot. Neptune's diameter is 74900 miles (120500 km). The orbit is 164.8 Earth years. A day in this planet is 16 Earth hours. There are 13/14 known moons and 1 waiting for confirmation. Distance from the sun is 4,498,396,441 km. Its atmosphere is made up of mostly molecular hydrogen, atomic helium, and methane.
The Great Dark Spot is just like Jupiter's red spot, but instead of giant spinning storm, it is a great powerful spinning winds. How such powerful winds were discovered on a planet so far from the sun is still considered as a mystery today.
Moon Phase is the different types of the moon as viewed from Earth. The shape changes over the course of 29.5 days. The phases are created by the changing positions of Earth, moon, and sun. One half of the moon is always illuminated by the sun. There are 4 main phases; new moon, full moon, first quarter, third/last/final quarter. There are 4 other phases between too. Eight phases in order are new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, final/last/third quarter, and waning crescent. The moon doesn't shine, it reflects.
Comet
Comet is a ball of mostly ice that moves around in outer space. It comes from the Kuiper belt.
Asteroid
Asteroid is a small rocky body orbiting the sun.
Meteor
Meteor is a small body of matter from outer space that enters the Earth's atmosphere.
Black Hole
Black hole is a region of space having a gravitational field so intense that no matter or radiation can escape.
Planet
The most recent definition of a planet was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 2006. It says a planet must do three things:
It must orbit a star (in our cosmic neighborhood, Sun).
It must be big enough to have enough gravity to force it into a spherical shape.
It must be big enough that its gravity cleared away any other objects of a similar size near its orbit around the Sun.
Composed of an iron-rich inner & outer core plus mantle and crust containing minerals and made of magnesium, oxygen, and silicon.
Moon Rotation. The moon is rotating at the same rate that it revolves around Earth (called synchronous rotation), so the same hemisphere faces Earth all the time. It takes 27 Earth days to fully orbit the Earth/for the moon to rotate (sideral periods) on its axis and about 29.5 Earth days for it to revolve around the Earth (synodic periods). The rotation period of the moon is exactly the same as its period of revolution.
New Moon is when the moon cannot be seen because we are looking at the unlit half of the moon. This is the only time in the lunar cycle when solar eclipse could happen, because it is the only time when the moon is between the sun and the Earth.
Waxing Crescent is the moon phase we see after a few days once moon has moved along a little in its orbit. We can begin to see some of the moon's day side from Earth. What we see is just a thin slice of light called a crescent.
First Quarter moon is sometimes called the half moon because it appears to us that half of the moon is illuminated, but its called first quarter because the moon is one quarter of the way through its cycle.
Waxing Gibbous moon. Gibbous means "humped" or "swollen", and again, we call it waxing because it grows thicker every night until it reaches the next phase, the full moon.
Full Moon is the biggest, brightest, easiest phase of the moon to see. The moon rises at sunset and is up all night, so if you are outside and the sky is clear, it's hard to miss. When the full moon comes close to the points of its orbit that are the closest or farthest away from Earth, we call it a Supermoon or Micromoon, respectively.
Waning Gibbous moon. Waning means shrinking, or getting smaller and so the moon will be waning for the rest of its orbit.
Final/Last/Third Quarter it is called like that because the moon is three quarters of the way through its orbit.
Waning Crescent moon. The half moon will shrink into a waning crescent, which will continue to shrink night after night, until in vanishes completely until the next new moon.
Eclipse
Eclipse, in astronomy, complete or partial obscuring of a celestial body by another. An eclipse occurs when three celestials objects become aligned. An eclipse occurs any time something passes in front of the Sun, blocking it's light. This can be the Sun or then Moon.
Solar Eclipse is when the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth, causing the Sun to go dark. The Moon comes between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part of Earth (New Moon). The Sun is both 400x larger than the Earth and 400x further than the Moon, so they appear to be the same size to us on Earth.
Total Solar Eclipse can only occur if you are at the exact spot within the moon's umbra (which isn't very big)
Partial Solar Eclipse is visible if you are in the penumbra of the shadow. Only some of the moon will be shadowed.
Annular Solar Eclipse occurs when the moon is farthest from the Earth in it's orbit. This makes the moon look smaller, so during the eclipse you see an outer ring of light from the Sun.
How often do eclipses happen? Depends, Lunar Eclipses happen more often than Solar Eclipses. Why? Well everyone who is experiencing night time during a lunar eclipse can see it. But you have to be at the exact spot on Earth to see a Solar Eclipse. The spot on Earth is so small, that the same place only sees a Solar Eclipse every 350 years. Why don't we see Lunar Eclipses more often? Well, Lunar eclipses don't happen everyday because the Moon's orbit is tilted. So, during most months, the Moon is above or below the Earth.
Lunar/Moon Eclipse is when the earth casts a shadow on the moon, causing the moon to go dark. Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon and casts a shadow on the Moon (Full Moon). The Moon revolving in its orbit around Earth passes through Earth's shadow. The umbra is the total shadow, the penumbra the partial shadow. Umbra is the dark inner portion of the shadow cone. Penumbra is the lighter outer portion of the shadow.