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Digestion, Bolus & villus are singular, Boli & villus are plural -…
Digestion
Food will pass through these organs
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Gall bladder (accessory)
Temporary stores bile
Pancreas (accessory)
Produce pancreatic juice
Hormones: insulin & glycogen
Mouth (digestion)
Teeth: chewing [physical]
Stomach (digestion)
Churning (mixes food) [physical]
Liver (accessory)
Produces bile
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Small intestine (digestion)
Emulsification [physical]
Other structures in the organs
Oesophagus
Peristalsis
Longtudinal muscle (outer)
Circular muscles (inner)
Both are antagonistic muscles
Found throughout the alimentary canal
Mouth 👄
Saliva: salivary amylase & mucus
Tongue: rolls food into bolus
Stomach
Gastric juice
Pepsinogen
Hydrochloric acid
Kills germs & bacteria
Denatures salivary amylase
Provides suitable acidic medium for pepsinogen to become pepsin
Enters stomach as boli, exits as chyme
Small intestine
Intestinal juices
Pancreatic juice from pancreas
Absorption of
Glucose
Into blood capillaries of villi
Via diffusion or active transport
Amino acids
Into blood capillaries of villi
Via diffusion or active transport
Fats
Into lacteal/ lymphatic
Via diffusion
Parts
Ileum
Mostly absorption
Jejunum
Some digestion and some absorption
Duodenum
Mostly digestion
Large intestine
Excess water & mineral salts from undigested food
Rectum
Egestion
Anus
Egestion
Liver
Functions
Protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Blood glucose regulation 🩸
Insulin
Converts excess glucose to glycogen
Glucagon
Converts glycoggen to glucose (insufficient glucose)
Bile production
Bile
Stored temporarily in gall bladder
Iron storage
Haemoglobin (bile pigments)
Iron
Detoxification
Harmful to harmless
Chemical digestion
Enzymes help speed up digestion
Catabolic
Characteristics of enzymes
Specific
Unique 3D shape
Lock and key hypothesis
Speed up chemical reactions
Provide alternative pathway with lower activation energy (ea)
Minute amounts
Reused, do not take part in chemical reaction
Affected by
Temperature
Inactive
Below optimum temperature
Most active
Optimal temperature
Denatured
Beyond optimal temperature
pH
Denatured
Beyond optimal pH
Most active
Optimal pH
No such thing as inactive
Different enzymes have different optimal temperature & pH
Enzymes catalyse reversible reactions
Anabolic
Bolus & villus are singular
Boli & villus are plural