Routes of transmission
Mother to child
Perinatal
Congenital/vertical
Airborne/inhalational
Contact of skin/mucosa
Direct
Indirect
Ingestion
Ingestion of any food or water
contaminated with
Toxins
Parasite ova/cysts
Microorganisms
Insect/arthropod-borne injection through skin penetration
Mosquitoes and disease
transmission
Glossina spp
Simulium spp
Phlebotomus spp
Simulium spp
Aedes spp
Lice
Culicine spp
Fleas
Anopheles spp
Arachnids
Ticks
Mites
Insect feces rubbed into skin
Reduvid bugs Rhodnius spp
Inhalation of air, aerosol, fomite
contaminated by microbes
Direct penetration through skin
Helminth larvae
Fly larvae
Innoculation or injection
Breach of skin or mucous
membrane
Viruses
Fungal infections
Bacteria
Multiple modes of transmission
Direct contact
Insect bites
Insect bites and airborne
Skin/mucosa contact
Transplacental transmission
via blood
hepatitis viruses
Vaginal/cervical contact during
delivery
Bacterial
Contact via breast milk
Sexually transmitted diseases
Chlamydia spp
Sexually transmitted diseases
Boils
cholera
Staphylococcal
Infections caused by nematodes
Infections caused by nematodes
Arbovirus encephalitis
Yellow fever
Leishmaniasis
Sleeping sickness
Onchocerciases
Filariasis
Pediculosis
Plague Yersinia pestis
Chiggers
Lyme disease
Chagas disease
Helminth larvae penetration into subcutaneous tissue
Fly bots and warbles
Animal and human bites
Viruses
Hepatitis B
airborne
pneumonic plague
Anthrax
Malaria
HIV
Reference
Zumla, A., & Ustianowski, A. (2012). Tropical diseases: definition, geographic distribution,transmission, and classification. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 26(2),195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2012.02.007