Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Memory - Coggle Diagram
Memory
Types of Memory
Declarative
Deals w/ facts + events
Ex. chemical formulas + state capitals🔬
Easy to talk about / express w/ language
Easily formed
Easily forgotten
Located in Hippocampus
Needed to form new memories
Not long-term memory storage❌
Non-Declarative
Deals w/ skills + habits
⚽️Ex. playing instrument + sport🎸
Procedural Memory
Hard to talk about / express w/ language
Take longer to form⏱
Harder to forget
Located in striatum (basal ganglia)
Classical Conditioning🎶
Skeletal musculature🦴
Located in cerebellum
Emotional responses😍
Located in amygdala
Working Memory
Temporary form of storage
Ex. writing down phone # after you hear it📲
Repeating helps remember
Located in Prefrontal cortex
Neurons have increased AP firing rate when needed⚡️
Ex. looking for lost phone🔎
Search systematically instead of at random
Long-Term Memory Storage
📦
Distributed throughout cortex🧠
Primary visual cortex👁
Stores visual memories
Auditory cortex 👂
Stores auditory memories
Amnesia
❌Pathological forgetting💭
A.K.A. not remembering things that you should
Retrograde☎️
Can't remember OLD memories BEFORE accident
Anterograde🔮
Can't form NEW memories AFTER accident
H.M. Case🔎
Had his hippocampus + amygdala surgically removed😷
Couldn't form new memories
Proved that hippocampus is not for long-term storage
Old declarative + non-declarative memories == still intact
Anterograde Amnesia for declarative memories
No prob w/ working memory
Spatial Memory
🗺
Rat Experiment🐀
Hidden platform in an opaque pool of water🏊♂️
Animal tries to escape by finding platform🪑
After multiple attempts
Remember where platform is🗺
Need hippocampus + NMDA receptors intact
Place Cells
Brain's "GPS" cells
Located in Hippocampus
AP firing in one specific location
Grid cells
Brain's "GPS" cells
Located in Entorhinal cortex
AP's firing in multiple locations
Form grid pattern
Increased brain activity in hippocampus in people navigating environment
🇬🇧Ex. London taxi drivers🚕
Adult Neurogenesis
Hippocampus can grow + new neurons added🌴
Can increase w/ exercise🏃♀️
Dr. Eric Kandel
🧑🔬
Nobel Prize for work on biological mechanisms of memory storage🏆
Worked w/ Aplysia (long snail)🐌
Siphon (vaccum) located next to gill
When siphon touched
Gill withdraws for protection🛡
Sensitizing stimulus activates serotonin modulatory neuron
Serotonin released + binds to metabotropic receptors
Activates G-protein and then cAMP
PKA enzyme activated + phosphorylates
Potassium channels close🔒
Longer lasting AP⚡️
1 more item...
Synapses onto sensory neuron
Showed example of how a body "memory lasts longer"
Hippocampus Synthetic Plasticity
Experiments done in rats/mice🐀
Similar hippocampus as humans👯♀️
Artificially creating AP's to study EPSP⚡️
Long-term Potentiation (LTP)⬆️
High frequency stimulus (100 Hz)
ESPS is significantly bigger than normal
Can last for a long time (up to a year)⏰
Causes growth of dendritic spines🌱
Long-term Depression (LTD)⬇️
Low frequency stimulus (1Hz)
EPSP is much smaller than normal
Changes during learning + memory
New learning / experience
Dendritic spines grow🌱
Prolonged learning / experience
❌Old synapse eliminated + new synapse strengthened🛠
No more experience / learning
New synapse weakened💔
Repeated experience / relearning
New synapse strengthened again🛠
Bi-directional change of synaptic strength
LTD⬇️
Low amount of NMDA receptor activation during tetanic stimulation
LTP⬆️
High amount of NMDA receptor activation during tetanic stimulation
Glutamate receptors in LTP + LTD
Calcium coming in through NMDA receptors == very important🥛
Mechanism of LTP in Hippocampus
Calcium comes in + activates kinases
Kinases put phosphates on AMPA + NMDA receptors
Receptors stay open longer for greater EPSP
Amount of calcium determines whether its LTP or LTD 🥛
Lots of calcium
Activates protein kinases
Phosphorylated synaptic protein
LTP⬆️
Less calcium
Activates protein phophatase
Un-phosphorylated synaptic protein
LTD⬇️