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Chemistry paper 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Regular arrangement due to strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions.
      - Can conduct elelctricity when molen or in an aqous solution.
      - High melting and boiling points
  - - - Low melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces.
      - Strong covalent bonds.
      - Poor conductors.
  - - - Contains 4 Carbon atoms covalently bonded.
      - High melting and boiling points due to the strength of the covenant bonds.
      - They can not conduct electricity.
      - Uses of diamond.
        
        Cutting tools due to it being very hard and possesing a rigid structures
    - - Contains 3 Carbon atoms covalently bonded to another.
      - The Carbons are arranged in a Hexegonical pattern.
      - The layers of Graphite are able to slide over each other due to no covalent bonds between them.
      - They contain a delocalized electron.
      - It can conduct electricity.
      - Uses of Graphite
        
        They can be used in electrodes due to their ability of conducting electricity.
        
        They can be used as Lubricant due to them being able to slide over each other because of their weak intermolecular forces.
- - - - Simple distillation
        
        Used to separate a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids.
        
        When the liquids have different boiling points , simple destination can be used,
        
        You can separate ethanol from water using simple distillation.
        
        Ethanol has a lower boiling point compared to water and so it will evaporate first. the gases is caught in a cooling jacket and it begins to condense. A separated Ethanol is separated from the water.
        
        Sequence of events.
        
        Heating => evaporation of mixture => cooling of gas => condensing of gas.
      - Fractional distillation
        
        Oil is commonly separated within a fractionating column.
        
        Fractioning distillation separates mixtures that have a range of boiling and melting points.
        
        Method
        
        Oil is heated in the fractoling columb and the oil evaporates and condesenes at the number of differnet temperature.
        
        The many hydrocarbons are separated into fractions each of which contain molecules with similar number of carbon atoms.
        
        The fractionating column works continuously , heated crude oil is then piped in at the bottom. the vaporized oil then rises up the column and the various fractions are constantly tapped off at the different levels where they condense.
        
        Fractions can be processed to produced fuels and feed stock in the petrochemical industry.
      - Filtration
        
        It is used to separate produce a precipitate from an insoluble salt.
        
        Method
        
        You would carry filtration out by adding a filter to the solution then leaving behind the precipitate on the filter paper.
      - Crystallization
        
        Crystilsation is used to produce a soluble salt from the solution it is dissolved in.
        
        Method
        
        Allow the solution to cool.
        
        The solid will come out of the solution and the crystals will start to grow.
        
        Warm the solution in an open container allowing the solvent to evaporate.
      - Paper Chromatography
        
        Paper chromatography is sued to separate mixtures to give information to help identify substance.
        
        it involves two parts : the stationary and mobile faze.
        
        The Rf value = distance moved by the substance / distance moved by the solvent.
        
        Different compounds have different Rf values in different solvents. they can be used to help identify compounds.
        
        A pure substance will produce one single spot whilst an impure substance will produce more than one spot.
- - - - When ionic substances are melted or dissolved , the ions are free to move about the liquid solution. this is called an electrolyte.
      - Electrolisis.
        
        Electrolysis is the process of breaking down substances with electrical energy. this involves passing a current though substances that are molten or a solution. This means that it can be broken down into elements.
        
        During electrolysis , Positively charged ions (known as cations) travel to the negatively charged electrode (the cathode) and negatively charged ion (anions) travel to the positively Charged electrode.
        
        The formations of electrolysis.
        
        When you have an ionic solution which is not molten , the solution will contain the ions that make up the solution and the ions in water (H+ AND OH-)
        
        Rules
        
        Hydrogen is always produced at the cathode unless the ions of the Products are less reactive then hydrogen. if the metal is less reactive , then it is always produced.
        
        Oxygen from the hydroxide will always be produced at the anode unless the ionic A halide is present. if a halide is present , then the halide is always produced.
        
        The reactivity series.
        
        Me
        
        Magnisium
        
        A
        
        Aluminum
        
        Calling
        
        Calcium
        
        Cute
        
        Carbon
        
        Stop
        
        Sodium
        
        Zebra
        
        Zink
        
        Please
        
        Potassium.
        
        I
        
        Iron
        
        Like
        
        Lead
        
        Her
        
        Hydrogen
        
        Smart
        
        Silver
        
        Ironic compounds are molten ad are very simple to predict
        
        The positive ions go to the cathode
        
        The negative ions go to the anode
        
        : Oxidation is the loss of electrons
        
        1 more item...
        
        Reduction is the gain of electrons
        
        Occurs at the cathode.
        
        Explain the formation of products in the electrolysis pf cupper solution . using copper electrodes , and how electrolysis can be used to purify copper.
        
        Set up
        
        The anode is made from an inpure copper
        
        Cathode is made from a pure copper
        
        The solution is coppper sulphate.
        
        Observations
        
        Cupper ions from the anode to the cathode. as this happens , they will gain electrons and they will discharge as pure copper.
        
        Impurities begin to sludge up at the bottom of the anode.
        
        The cathode will increase in mass as it gains more pure copper , whilst the anode will lose its mass as the ions are lost.
- - - - The most reactive metals will react with water.
      - The products of this are Hydroxides (An alkiline solution is formed.)
      - 2K + 2H2O -> 2KOH + H
    - - Fairly reactive metals react with acids.
      - Acid + metal -> salt + hydrogen
      - Almost all metals react with Oxygen, However , the only metal that does not react with oxygen is gold.
    - - These metals don't react with anything.
    - - Therefore , you are able to deduce how reactive some metals are by seeing if they react with water , acid and oxygen. For these experiments , if you can see bubbles forming , it means that hydrogen is produced.
      - Visual observations
        
        The more reactive metal will gradually disappear as the less reactive metal coats the surface of the more reactive metal.
      - Redox reactions
        
        The less reactive metals forms an atom to form as it negative ions are being displaced therefore gaining electrons and therefore being reduced
        
        More of the reactive metals forms a positive cations as they displace less reactive metals losing one electron and therefore being oxidized. It will form an ion as it replaces the less reactive ion.
    - - Metals can be arranged in their reactivity series.
        
        Metals potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and
        copper
        
        When metals react with other substances , metal ions begin to form.
        
        The reactivity of a metal simply describes it tendency to form ions with the more reactive being the one that can easily make an ion.
      - Processes of extraction
        
        Non conventional
        
        Phytoextraction
        
        Some compounds absorb metals through their compounds.
        
        They concentrate the compounds into their leaves and shoots.
        
        When the plants are burned , they produce ash which contains the metal compounds.
        
        Bacterial extraction
        
        Some bacteria absorbs a metal compound.
        
        Scrap iron can then be used to obtain metals from leachates.
        
        They produce a solution called leachate which contains metal compounds.
        
        Concentional.
        
        Carbon reduction
        
        Carbon reduction can only occur when the metals extracted are less reactive then carbon.
        
        Mining
        
        Most metals are found in the earth in the form of compounds. For this , they require chemical reactions to be separated since they have been reacted with other elements.
        
        Electrolysis
        
        It is very expensive due to the large amounts of energy needed to melt the compounds and to produce the electrical current needed to electrolyze the compound. it is used for metals more reactive then carbon.
        
        Evaluate the advantages.
        
        Recycling is important to achieve sustainable development. It requires less energy to melt down compounds and remold metal than it does to extract from the earth.
        
        Mining ores is bad for the environment as it causes large quarries to be created.
        
        Recycling allows waste to be reused , saving money and helping the environment.
      - Reduction and Oxidation
        
        Oxidation is gain of oxygen and reduction is loss of oxygen.