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GLOBAL COMPARATIVE POLITICS: DEMOCRACY - Coggle Diagram
GLOBAL COMPARATIVE POLITICS: DEMOCRACY
Schumpeter: focused only in the electoral trait, an electoral arrangement
Dahl's concept: democracy as a poliarchy (3 components) 1.- universal suffrace 2.- opposition in running elections3.- alternative chanels of information, freedom of expresion, freedom of association
autocracy: any kind of regime that does not comply these three conditions
New type of autocracy: illiberal authoritarianism: follows the democratic procedure, but use the democratic institutions to take its own adavantages and to counter the globalisations values
Common types of authoritarianisms (3 types): Monarchy, military , civilan government . Other new types: electoral authoritarianism (popular elections= electoral regimes), dominant party, personalist (old new leader persona exposure), oligarchy (led by small groups) indirect military ( mixed of civilian and military )
democracy decreasing since the 2000's
Economic factors
Structural factors
Weakness of institutions
Types of democracries
Western democracies
Parliamentary democracies: PM, Strong parliament, PM accountable to the parliament, centralized, collegial rule. (Weak executive)
Executives: parties are now left aside, crisis of clasical "left" "right" partidism
Semi-presidential democracy: PM but also president that makes part of the executive. PM holding more power. still strong parliamentary. (Weak executive)
Presidential: President as head of the state. Is a monocratic rule regime. President not accountable to legislature. Legislature and judicial independent. String executive
Perils of presidentialism LINZ: undisciplined parties + multiparty system (no conditions for coalition formation) = innefectiveness= democracy breakdown
Pluralism is a key factor of democracy but is not determinant. Pluralism because of this can cause an authoritarian drift
Westminster: follows a single party majority logic, unicameral, Winner takes it all rule, Unicameral, 2 party regime. Majoritarian regime, Executive holds + power, control of central bank. Centralised party system
Recent deviations of these models in Europe:
-UK biparidism not any longer. exeutive only holder of power neither
-Technocratic governments (italy)
-New parties deviating left -right
-Personal power (or party power ) increasing
-Use of direct democracy in Westminster -Democracies (uk and the Brexit)
-Increasing mistrust of institutions and perception of -Sub-optimal perfomances
-increasing of media presence, increasing perception of corruption
-increasing presidentialisation of all parliamentary democracies
Populism: anti-establishment sentiment and support to a general idea of "the people"
targets: privilege elite, traditional cleavage, capital markets, social organization, globalization values and norms
ideologies closed to populism:
-extreme right (anti-democratic)
-radical right (nos happy with the idea of democracy not that oppose ot it)
-nativism:xenophobia, policy of closure
-nationalism: expansion of national mentality
-republicanism: resistance policy of democratic celebration
radical left: defense of collective rights, predominance of social right rather than individual rights
European populism: ethnicity LATAM POPULISM: ECONOMIC ENDEVEOURS ( NOT ALWASY THE TRUTH)
SOVEREIGNISM: TAKING BACK CONTROL
nativism: common denominator: our country, our people comes before any other
Consensus democracy: follows a mutilpartidism logic, Proportional representation rule, federal regime (descentralisation), balance of power between executive and legislature, bicameral legislature. Independence of central bank, descentralized party system
Legislatures
pluralistc assembly of peers selected to represent the whole community and are permanently united to bring ordinary norms into law
Impact of rules:types of electoral system influence the democratic quality , impact of constitutional rules (oversight and reaching out to the people.