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Theories, Individualistic, Biological, Physiological, Psychodynamic…
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Individualistic
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Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation Theory
Bowlby is another psychodynamic theorist. Like Freud, he agreed that the personality developed between the ages of 0-5. He also agrees with Freud that relationships with our parents and childhood experiences influence personality development.
Bowlby's(1951) suggested that the mother plays a vital role in determining healthy personality/behaviour. Bowlby said that a mothers love is very important and the relationship you have with your mother will go on to determine how our future adult relationships develop. A mother should be loving and caring according to Bowlby and if the child is deprived of a meaningful and fulfilling relationship then they could go on to become a criminal.
He called these people "Affectionless Psychopaths". Bowlby said these affectionless psychopaths are product of an unloving relationship with their mother and they have therefore no consideration or empathy for others and are unaware of how to show affection to others. They show no remorse or guilt for thier actions. This could explain a number of different types of crime.
Eysenck developed the personality inventory. A theory of criminality has been based on this theory he argues that criminality has been based on this theory he argues that criminality is due to having a particular personality type
Extroversion vs Introversion
Neuroticism vs emotional stability
Extravert: carefree, more sociable and tends to seek out dangerous behaviour.
Introvert: unsociable, worried and anxious.
Neurotic: aggressive, impulsive, unstable and tend to over react.
Most of us score around the middle of these personalities but according to Eysenck criminal personalities will score high on both E and N
Eysenck explains these findings with two ideas:
Conditioning: some psychologists argue that through experience, we learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain and its this process developed through our environment that leads to personality development
Genetic Inheritance Eysenck argues that we learn through conditioning, but that some individuals inherit a nervous system that causes them to develop a criminal personality.
Extraverts have a nervous system that needs a high level of stimulation from their environment so they are constantly seeking excitement. This can lead to impulsive rule breaking behaviour
Social Learning Theory
Bandura thought observational learning was in every child's learning life and they learn from what they see. Every child has a role model and try's to follow their behaviour and actions which can shape who the child becomes if they become criminal or not. This can be anyone it could be:
same gender
same age
same ethnicity
or it could be someone with positive reinforcement. This can explain things such as criminal families and areas which have a high crime rate. Like his bobo doll experiment where he showed a number of children adults treating a doll either violently or nicely and seeing how the children react and to see if they react the same way the adult did. The children who saw the doll get beat by the adult copied and did the same but the children who saw it being treated nicely behaved the same way.
Individualistic theories include theories that take in to account every persons individual circumstances and how they might have influenced their behaviour. This could be aspects such as upbringing, childhood and experiences with parental figures. These include, social learning theory, Freud Psychodynamic approach, Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation Theory, Eysenck's Personality Theory and Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory
Kohlberg (1963)
He believed that children's cognition developed through stages. His research involved presenting groups of boys with moral dilemmas and then asking them questions about them. His most famous moral dilemma was Heinz Dilemma.
Heinz's wife was suffered from terminal cancer. In an effort to save her he went to a chemist who has developed a cure which might help her. Unfortunately, the chemist wanted much more money for this cure than he could afford and refused to sell it for less. Even when Heinz borrowed enough money for half the cost of the drug, the chemist wouldn't sell it to him. Having no other choice Heinz broke into the chemist and stole it.
75 American boys who were ages 10-16 at the start of the study were followed at three- year intervals through to ages 22-28.Moral development was also studied in boys of other cultures including Great Britain, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico and Turkey.
Kohlberg suggested there were three 3 levels of morality
pre-conventional( usually occupies children ages 4-10) Egocentric
Conventional Morality-thinkers are non criminal
Post- conventional morality (only 10-15% of the population reaches this level)
Freud describes the mind as being like am iceberg. He said that most of our thoughts are held in our unconscious mind and we are only aware of a small amount of our thoughts.
the conscious mind represents the thoughts we are aware of. The unconscious mind represents the deviant urges and sexual desires we all have.
Freud said that we all have desires within our "psyche"(personality)
at certain times in our life our psyche can become weak, for example, in stressful situations or major life changes. When it becomes weak these deviant thoughts can creep through into our conscious mind and we may act on them and carry out criminal behaviour
Biological
XYY Syndrome
research carried out om XYY males has shown that the increased levels of testosterone that cause them to be tall and have severe acne could also lead to them being more aggressive and easily angered. some theorists have suggested that this makes them more likely to become involved in violent outbursts of crime. Case example:
Jacob et al (1965)
Jacob wanted to see if having XYY syndrome will make male more aggressive and therefore more likely to become involved in criminal behaviour. He carried out karyotyping on 198 male prisoners in Scotland. 1.5% of the prisoners had an extra Y chromosome. Although this is a small number but in comparison to the general population it could be seen as significant. In general population 1 in 1000 males have XYY whereas in the prison its 15 in 1000.This suggests that violent criminals are 15x more likely to have XYY than the general population.
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Physiological
Sheldon's theory
He believed that the build of a person showed their personality. He came with three types of builds these are:
1)Ectomorph(thin)
2)Endomorph(fat)
3)Mesomorph(muscular)
He said that people with ectomorph were restrained and solitary, endomorphs were relaxed and hedonistic and that mesomorphs are energetic and adventurous. His theory claimed that mesomorph people would be more likely to partake in criminal activities than the other types. This is probable because of the population in prison have along time to work on their bodies and that if they was muscular before prison it would have given them the confidence to engage in more violent activities leading to criminal behaviour the other two types might not have the confidence to do this
Lombroso's theory
According to Lombroso, people who have five or more biological traits are born criminal. besides physical traits Lombroso introduces some other traits of born criminal.
1) Hypersensitivity to pain and touch
2) Use of special crime slang
3) Grotesque expression of thoughts
4) Tattoos
5) Unemployment
He believed that criminals had certain characteristics he called them atavistic traits he also believed that people were "born criminal" if they had 5 or more of these traits.
These traits are:
1)Unusual size or shaped head
2)Strange eyes
3)Facial asymmetry
4)Extended jaw
5)To big/small ears
6)Full lips
7)Abnormal teeth
8)Wrinkled skin
9)Long small chin
10)Flat chin
Also murderers have a beak nose and thieves have a flat nose and referred to criminals as evolutionary throwbacks.
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Psychodynamic Approach
Psychodynamic theories ignore the study of science and instead focused on trying yo get inside the head on individuals in order to make sense of their relationships =, experiences and how they view the world. Psychodynamic theories focus on childhood relationships and experiences as responsible for healthy or unhealthy personality development. These theories all focus on behaviour as being determined by how our personality develops. Our parents or carer are responsible for this.
Freud
Freud describes the mind as being like am iceberg. He said that most of our thoughts are held in our unconscious mind and we are only aware of a small amount of our thoughts.
the conscious mind represents the thoughts we are aware of. The unconscious mind represents the deviant urges and sexual desires we all have.
Freud said that we all have desires within our "psyche"(personality)
at certain times in our life our psyche can become weak, for example, in stressful situations or major life changes. When it becomes weak these deviant thoughts can creep through into our conscious mind and we may act on them and carry out criminal behaviour
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Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation Theory
Bowlby is another psychodynamic theorist. Like Freud, he agreed that the personality developed between the ages of 0-5. He also agrees with Freud that relationships with our parents and childhood experiences influence personality development.
Bowlby's(1951) suggested that the mother plays a vital role in determining healthy personality/behaviour. Bowlby said that a mothers love is very important and the relationship you have with your mother will go on to determine how our future adult relationships develop. A mother should be loving and caring according to Bowlby and if the child is deprived of a meaningful and fulfilling relationship then they could go on to become a criminal.
He called these people "Affectionless Psychopaths". Bowlby said these affectionless psychopaths are product of an unloving relationship with their mother and they have therefore no consideration or empathy for others and are unaware of how to show affection to others. They show no remorse or guilt for thier actions. This could explain a number of different types of crime.
Psychological theory
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Eysenck developed the personality inventory. A theory of criminality has been based on this theory he argues that criminality has been based on this theory he argues that criminality is due to having a particular personality type
Extroversion vs Introversion
Neuroticism vs emotional stability
Extravert: carefree, more sociable and tends to seek out dangerous behaviour.
Introvert: unsociable, worried and anxious.
Neurotic: aggressive, impulsive, unstable and tend to over react.
Most of us score around the middle of these personalities but according to Eysenck criminal personalities will score high on both E and N
Eysenck explains these findings with two ideas:
Conditioning: some psychologists argue that through experience, we learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain and its this process developed through our environment that leads to personality development
Genetic Inheritance Eysenck argues that we learn through conditioning, but that some individuals inherit a nervous system that causes them to develop a criminal personality.
Extraverts have a nervous system that needs a high level of stimulation from their environment so they are constantly seeking excitement. This can lead to impulsive rule breaking behaviour
Kohlberg (1963)
He believed that children's cognition developed through stages. His research involved presenting groups of boys with moral dilemmas and then asking them questions about them. His most famous moral dilemma was Heinz Dilemma.
Heinz's wife was suffered from terminal cancer. In an effort to save her he went to a chemist who has developed a cure which might help her. Unfortunately, the chemist wanted much more money for this cure than he could afford and refused to sell it for less. Even when Heinz borrowed enough money for half the cost of the drug, the chemist wouldn't sell it to him. Having no other choice Heinz broke into the chemist and stole it.
75 American boys who were ages 10-16 at the start of the study were followed at three- year intervals through to ages 22-28.Moral development was also studied in boys of other cultures including Great Britain, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico and Turkey.
Kohlberg suggested there were three 3 levels of morality
pre-conventional( usually occupies children ages 4-10) Egocentric
Conventional Morality-thinkers are non criminal
Post- conventional morality (only 10-15% of the population reaches this level)
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