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RUM 510: GIT - Coggle Diagram
RUM 510: GIT
Orf 👫
Contagious pustular dermatitis
very common
Sx: sheep & goats, severe in (boergoats), young animals (failure to nurse ➡ ☠)
Ax:
poxviridae (DNA Virus)
Carriers exist + infectious
IP: 2-14d
Pathogenesis
Orf encodes proteins homologous to mammalian vascular endothelial growth factors
vascular ➡ permeability + angiogenesis
cx
crusting, proliferative lesions of mucotaneous junctions of the mouth and nose
lesions extensions ➡ deeper respiratory or GIT (boergoats)
Ewes & does: udder infection ➡ 2ndary mastitis
Tx:
nursing care, bottle feed
NSAIDs: Flunixine meglumine, meloxicam, caprofen
Myiasis: Debride + Macrocyclic lactones
2nary mastitis: Abs, intramammary
Control
closed herd: ⬇ carriers
Vaccinate:
dried scabs from previous outbreak
rub crushed scab suspension onto scarified area (will see papulies in a few days
Hoflund's Syndrome (❌ Passage of digesta)
CS
Distended abdomen, Chronic bloating
Poor faecal output
Poor appetite
Bradycardia (50% cases)
TYPE 1: FAILURE OF ERUCTATION (Gas accum)
Ax
Physical obstruction of the oesophageal cardia
Abscess, neoplasia, granulomas (Actinobacillus)
Sensory deficit at the oesophageal cardia (doesn't sense presence of gas)
Rumenitis
CS
GAS bloat - D L
-easily resolved with stomach tube BUT recurs
Low / no rumen contraction
Decreased appetite, loss of condition, scant faeces
Dx
CS: DL Gas distention that recurs
US: shows gas accumulation + physical obstructions
Ex lap: Presence of adhesions due to peritonitis
⭐TYPE 2: FAILURE OF OMASAL TRANSPORT (Fluid + frothy digesta accum) 💀
CS
Fluid + digesta distention of reticulo-rumen. Distension starts L, moves R - Papple
Mixed Tympany
Poor rumen stratification
Hypermotile rumen (may be atonic)
Chronic mild, frothy bloating
Scant, foul faeces- undigested particles seen in faeces, poor appetite, weight loss, dehydration,
Ax
Damage to medial wall of reticulum (Rs)
⭐TRP -> Vagal N damage + peritonitis, adhesions
Abscesses, papilloma, actinobacillosis
Hiatal herniation of reticulum
Non specific reticulitis
Garbage disease (plastic packet) of reticulo-omasal orifice
Tx
Prognosis guarded -> poor
Clin Path
Rumen Cl may be low
TYPE 3: PYLORIC / ABOMASAL OUTFLOW FAILURE
CS
Abomasum distended with fluid / firm digesta. As ingesta becomes impacted, ingesta refluxes into rumen; swelling starts on R -> L (opp to Type 2)
Rumen distension with fluid, high Cl levels (abomasal reflux)
Distension -> hypomotility, reduced appetite
Sequestration of HCL in rumen -> Metabolic alkalaemia, hypochloraemia
Risk Factors (anything causing abomasal damage -> damaged vagal Nn)
RDA/ LDA
AV
Abomasal ulceration and local peritonitis
Adhesions between abomasum and reticulum due to hardware disease
Focal peritonitis in the region of the abomasum
Pregnancy (Type IV)
Clin Path
Hypochloraemia
Dehydration
Metabolic alkalaemia -> Hypokalaemia (H+ pushed into blood to compensate, K+ pulled into cells)
TYPE 4: VAGAL INDIGESTION OF PREGNANCY
CS
Abomasal digestion on R -> Rumen digestion on L
Ax
Heavy conceptus pushes abomasum out of place + compresses pylorus -> inhibits flow of digesta
Tx
Spontaneous recovery after parturition / abortion
Tx
ABx + Antiinflammatories for 3-5d is the Ax is an abscess or peritonitis
5l mineral oil / DSS to break down foam in rumen
Fluid + electrolyte Tx (Hypokalaemia, Hypochloraemia)
Surgery for valuable animals
Celiotomy + Rumenotomy
L: Type 1+2
R: 3 + 4
Check for obstructions in abscessation of reticulum / reticulo-omasal opening / peritonitis
If no abnormalities seen: Rumenstomy
RUMEN
Rumen Alkalosis
⭐Subacaute Rumen Alkalosis (Simple Indigestion)
Ax
Diet change -> death of rumen microbes
high protein or NPN sources ➡ ammonia production
Prolonged anorexia -> ⬇ VFA + HCO3 sequestration in rumen
Acute Rumen Alkalosis
Ax
rapid intake of NH3PO4 or urea (unacclimatized rumen microbes) ➡ rapid absorption of NH3 into bloodstream
inhibits TCA/CAC ➡ impaired energy metabolism ➡ systemic lactic acidosis
Urea dietary management
urea = 1% of concentrate- 400g/cow
Clin Path
Lactic Acidosis
Hyperkalaemia
⬆blood ammonia levels (breakdown rapidly after death, only useful in live animals, collect in EDTA/Heparin tube on ice, separate plasma within 30 min ➡ not practical
Cx (10-30 min after ingestion)
CNS
excitation, bellowing, aggression tremors
GIT
Hypomortility, bloat, vominting/gagging
Respiratory
Dyspnoea
Tx
RAPID!!! Triage, save those who can be saved
3-4 L acetic acid / table vinegar + 10-30l COLD water by drench
Valuable animals- rumenotomy + evactions
Rumen Acidosis
Common
Cx
Distended enlarged rumen
reduced rumen contractions
Colic
pH (Normal 6-6.8)
< 5 Atonic rumen
5-5.5
SARA, Hypomotile
⬇butterfat, appetite, milk production
laminitis, CCN, Ruminitis➡bacteriaemia from translocation➡lung abscess/liver abscess / valvular endocarditis
Complications
Caudal vena cava syndrome
Embolic pneumonia
Embolic nephritis
Vertebral body abscessation
Sx
Feedlot, dairy, bad transition from steam-up ration
Dx
Ruminocentesis
may lead to lobilized peritonitis
stomach tube
0.3 units higher due to salivary buffer
pH should be 6.8 in pasture, and min 5.8 in feedlot
Tx
Normalise rumen pH
MgO per os
NaHCO3
Danger - CO2 production with acid -> free gas bloat
Transfaunatation
Remove offending feedstuff
systemic/per os ABx
Toxin binding: activated charcoal
20ml penicilin per os- kill lactobacilli , injectable - prevent bacteraemia
Anti-inflammatories
Reduces ruminitis and antiendotoxic effect
FT
Correct systemic metabolic acidosis
IV hypertonic Bicarb
Tx/ prevention of CCN
Vit B1 supplementation
⭐Frothy Bloat / Primary Bloat
Ax
Pasture Bloat
Highly digestible -> reduced saliva production -> less anti-foaming agent
Lush pasture, legumes, clovers
Feedlot Bloat
High fine grain
less saliva
Faster VFA -> drop in pH -> stable tenacious foam
Fluctuations, sudden switch to acidic environment
Sx
Beef animals in Spring
Pathogenesis
Fine grains
Proliferation of capsulated bacteria
3A- Subacute: Formation of slime -> stable tenacious foam
3B: Release of saponins + hemicellulose -> ⬆ tencity of gas bubble
CS (herd level)
Bilateral distension of PLB fossa
Colic: kicking, lying + standing, stretching out
Pressure on diaphragm -> dyspnoea, +- nasal discharge, open mouth breathing, cyanosis
Acute death possible
Tympanic sound on percussion of distention
Dx
Hx, CS + stomach tube
Unsuccessful trocarisation
Tx
Remove cause
Surface-active agent: Poloxalene, mineral oil (1C) / vegetable oil , Dioctyl sodium sulphsuccinate 5%, dishwashing liquid, washing powder (1C in 1-2l)
Emergency rumenotomy + evacuation of contents + ruminal transfaunatation
Prevention
Gradual change in diet, adapt microbes slowly by incremental feeding by an extra hour at the end of the day
Surface active agents- antifoaming agents mixed into concentrate (Bloatguard) before turning onto risky pasture
Particles not too small too soon
Strip grazing
Free Gas Bloat / Secondary Bloat
Ax
Lateral R during surgery
Rumen stasis / hypomotility
Hoflund's Type 1
Impaction
Tetanus, botulism
Hypocalcaemia
Obstruction
Intraluminal
Feedstuff
Rumen magnet
Intramural
Abscess
Stricture
Extramural
Bronchial LN enlargement (TB)
Chronic bloating in young calves
Poor quality milk replacer / excessive feeding -> poor oesophagel groove reflex -> ruminal drinking -> chronic acidosis + rumenitis, bloating
CS
Peracute: dead
Distension of L PLF, may extend to R
Dyspnoea, tongue protrusion, cyanosis
Usually a single animal affects vs herd
Pass a stomach tube: large quantity of gas released with ease
Reduced Cardiac output
Tx
Trochar in severe cases
Dx
Hx of feed change
CS: distension, auscultation (ping), palpation will feel like a balloon that recoils
Choke
CS
Hardware Disease / TRP / Pericarditis
Ax
Sharp metallic objects (wires) -> penetrate through reticular wall
Pathogenesis
Penetration through CrV -> peritonitis
L Lat -> spleen
R Lat -> liver, diaphragm
CS
Peracute: sudden death due to tamponade
Fever, anorexia, lethargy
Kyphosis, reluctance to move, frequency of urination and defecation reduced
SUBACUTE
Weight loss, milk decrease, ketosis, diarrhoea, lameness, abdominal pain
Pericarditis, peritonitis, reticulitis
Fast, shallow respiration, muffed lung sounds. Thoracocentesis -> septic fluid
Dyspnoea, wheezes, crackles
ACUTE
Groaning with sudden movement, wither pinch
CHRONIC
Low feed intake, milk, faecal production
Normal rectal temp, less pain
Peritonitis may be walled off. May result in vagal indigestion
Clin Path
Inflammtion, erthrocytopaenia, hypohaemoglobinaemia, ⬆TP, ⬆ TSP
hEART: ⬆ CK-MB, LDH,AST and cardiac troponin
Dx
Stomatitis
inflammation of the oral mucosa
Causes
Trauma
Infectious: oral necrobacilliosis & IBR in calves, Actinomycosis, FMD, BVD, MCF, Rinderpest, Wooden tongue, Bluetongue, PPR
Chemical: Irritant drugs (Chloral hydrate), irritants (catharides & mecury), accidentallygiven corrosive acids & alkalis, systemic poisoning of mercury, Braken fern, Fungi (Stachybotrys, Fusarium spp.)
Cx:
Quidding ➡ drop curd from mouth
Tongue protrusion ➡ glossitis
smacking lips
pouching of the cheeks ➡ accumulation & impaction of feed between cheek teeth & mucosa
difficult/painful mastication
Appetite loss
Drooling saliva, pain, inability to swallow
Tx
Mild antiseptics on wounds
soft appetizing food
Hygiene
pain relief/ protecting antiobiotics (anti-inflammatories)
Isolation + separate H20 & feeding areas
Specific tx for specific diseases
MCF snotsiekte
Vesicular ulcerative lesions of the mouth and GIT
Ax:
Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 Africa transmitted by wilderbeest
Ovine herpesvirus-2 Europe
Cx Multisystemic
Lymph node enlargement
Distinctive lesion in cornea
encephalitis + cutaneous exantthema
erosive URT + keratoconjunctivitis
erosive stomatitis + gastroenteritis
Death! high mortality
Fever,ocular & nasal discharge
Poor Px, tx is a waste of time
Abomasal conditions
☠Abomasal volvulus - RTA
Ax
starts off as RDA, anticlockwise twisting around omasum
🚨 Cx
Complete obstruction of ingesta
Type 3 Hoflund's
Sever abdominal pain
Fever, anorexia
Constriction of bv -> necrosis
Tachycardia & dehyration
Skin cold ⬆ CRT inopthalmus, rumen stasis, No borborygmi
Marked abdominal distension
scant feces (DD:Hoflunds)
Clin path
High rumen Cl
Metabolic alkalaemia
Hypokaleamia
dehydration, haemoconcentration
Hypochloraemia
Hyperglycaemia
paradoxic aciduria
Hyponatraemia
Tx
⭐Surgery
Paramedian laparotomy
Aggressive fluid therapy
aggressive anti-microbial therapy to combat possible scepticaemia
Px: guarded to poor
Esp poor if these present - consider euthanasia
Vagal damage
blood vessel devitilization
Abomasal ulceration
Ax
Clistridium prefringes, E.coli, Campylobacter jujuni
Aspergillosis
abrasions to mucosa
Hyperacicdity of abomasal contents (ruminal acidosis)
Stress
overuse of Anti-inflammatories
Cu deficiency
CX
Non-perforation (1)
Anorexia, ⬇ rumen motility, + fecal occult blood
Non-perforating + Severe blood loss (2)
anemia, pale MM, malena, tachycardia cold extremities
Perforating + local peritonitis (3)
pyrexia, absent rumen motility, local abdominal pain (similar to TRP)
Perforating + diffuse peritonitis (4)
Ilieus of entire GIT, tachycardia, shock, terminal recumabancy, grunt on respiration
Dx
occult fecal blood urine dipstick
look for ⬆ serum pepsinogen levels
abdominocentisis, cx of peritonitis for type 3 or above
Left shift neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopoaenia and eosinopaenia
US: peritoneal fluid
Abdominal discomfort: lordosis, grunting, urination
Tx
remove feedstuff (grain)
blood transfusion for type 2
Ab For type 3 and 4 (peritonitis)
fluid therapy for dehydrated cases
Vasopresson IV: closure of reticular groove + 10% sodium bicarbonate solution ➢ Copper sulphate solution
Proton pump inhinitors: Omeprazole, Ranitidine
antacids: MgOH, AlOH
Surgery: debridement + ABs
Abomasal impaction
Ax
Primary: idiopathic
Hoflunds type 3 ➡ Secondary
Dietary, fibrous non-digestible feed (60%)
trichor bezoar (hair)
Hardware disease (20%)
Clin path
Hypochloraemia
metabolic alkalaemia
Hypokalaemia
Cx (outbreak)
Dehydration
inappetance
progressive weakness
loss of condition
abdomen distension starting from the right progresses to the left
rumen contraction ⬆ frequency & ⬇ amplitude ➡ stasis
abdominal pain
❤ 90-120 ➡tachycardia
Low body temp
DX
palpate costal arch
feed analysis
US
PM
Tx
Conservative
ABs for potential abscess / peritonitis
Anti-inflammatories 3-5 days
mineral oil, DSS
aggressive fluid and electrolyte therapy
Surgery
Abomasal Displacements
LDA 🐮
Sx
Post-partum period- first month (shrinkage of uterus ➡ more space in abdomen)
Older cows (3rd-7th parity)
Bulls and Cows
🔃ketosis
Retained placenta
metritis
Hypocalcaemia (abomasal stasis)
Dairy breeds, large, more space, easier for abomasum to move around
Ax (⬆ abdominal space /⬇ rumen fill)
Sudden high energy ration
low fibre, low volume - in far dry or fresh cow ration, ⬇ rumen fill
High concentrate -> ⬆ VFA -> move to abomasum -> abomasal atony
Heat stress➡ less eating ➡ poor rumen fill
Pregnancy & parturition: Large uterus -> decreased rumen size -> abomasum moves to L., pylorus remains on R. Parturition: rumen moves back into position and traps abomasum -> Distension + displacement
Cx (1st month PP)
rapid ⬇ in milk yield
selective inappetance
Mild abdominal pain, teeth grinding
Distension of left para lumbar fossa
Poor rumen fill, hypomotile rumen
If normal- difficult to hear- space occupying lesion
Diarrhoea, abnormal position of pyloris, only water moves past
Ketosis often present 2 days before
Dx
15 % LDA ping on percussion
Clin. Path
Metabolic alkalosis
HCL + Cl not absorbed from SI
⬇ vfa, due to hypomotile rumen
BUT will see a paradoxic aciduria
Haemoconcentration - all cell numbers uniformly increased
Hypochloraemia
Reduced movement of HCl + Cl to SI -> reduced absorption
Hyperglycaemia
Decreased perfusion of pancreas -> decreased insulin production
Hypocalcaemia
Hyponatraemia
HCO3 excreted from kidney with Na
Paradoxic aciduria
Hx, Cx & Sx
50% Gurgling sound on Auscultation
Balllotment: splashing sound
Rectal exam
Tx
Conservative, Low success rate
Roll the cow
Bouncy of abomasum
start with Right lateral recumbancy ➡ Dorsal recumbancy ➡ Left lateral recumbancy
trailer bumpy ride
Surgical Tx
Blind
Toggle
roll to dorsal recumbancy, then use toggle to fix abomasum to ventral wall
Closed suture
Open
standing
Flank laparotomy + abomasopexy
incision into flank (laparotomy), feel for abomasum and deflate it
use absorbable suture with partial thickness
Right paralumbar fossa omenntopexy
dorsal recumbancy
Right paramedian abomasopexy
Fluid Tx
IV fluid plus lots of Chloride
+/- K, Ca (cardiotoxic)
Supportive
Rumenotoric
Propionic acid
Glucose IV
NSAIDs
ABx
RDA (rare)
Dx: Ping on the right, last 5 ribs
DDs
Pnuemocolon
Pneumoperitonium
Pneumouterus
Same as LDA
Tx
Self-limiting w/o surgical correction
May lead to abomasal volvulus
FMD
Ulcerative lesions
mouth
udder
foot
very contagious
Intestinal Conditions
Diarrhoea
Neonatal diarrhoea/calf diarrhoea/ calf scours
Economic losses
mortality
⬇ feed efficiency
stunted growth
⬆ cost of tx and prevention
Ax (multifactorial)
Host
Failure of Passive Transfer
⭐
TSP < 5.5g/dl IN A EUHYDRATED CALF (4.5 ALBUMIN, Globulin 1)
GOOD COLOSTRUM
50g/l IgG (21-22 BRICKS)
quickly 3-4L
quick 4-6 hours
Nutrition (poor milk replacer/wrong temperature)
other conditions
Dystocia calf (FPT)
Dam/heifer
Buying calves < 4 weeks
Management
Feeding mastitis/ antibiotic milk/ wrong temperature, once a day feeding vs twice a day
Environment
Pathogen load: ⬆ stocking density (>7) ➡ stress ➡contamination
Environment for pathogen
Mixing of calves of different ages
Damp bedding
Agent
Virulence
resistance to AB or detergents
Bateria
👶
E.coli ETEC
⭐🐮⭐⭐🐑
Activate cAMP ➡ Secretory diarrhoea
Yellow-grey voluminous diarrhoea
👩🏾🤝🧑🏾Salmonella: Typhimuriun, Dublin NB in Bovine 🩸
Bloody diarrhoea 🟢+ mucosal shreds (Typhimurium)
Fever and inappetance
Clostrdia peringens, septicum
Proliferation response to dietary change
Type B
Type c
Type D
Type E
Viruses
Bovine rota virus
⭐⭐🐮
Malabsorptive ➡ osmotic
BVD
Acute mild diarrhoea
Immunosuppression
Thrombocytopaenia
+-respiratory / reproductive / mucosal disease
Bovine Corona
⭐🩸
syndromes
respiratory disease adults and young
Winter dysentery adults
neonatal diarrhoea
Malabsorptive
Protozoa
👩🏾🤝🧑🏾
Cryptosporidum Parvum
⭐
Cocciciosis🩸
Cattle: Eimeria Bovis
Sheep: Eimeria crandallis
Goats: Eimeria arloingi
SX: 👶🏾⬆Stocking density
Warm wet weather
Resistant oocytes, ☀✅
Malabsorptive
Cx
Mucoid catharral diffuse diarrhoea 🩸
Perineal staining
Dehydration
Weakness
☠
Helminths: toxocara (migrate to dam's udder)
Pathogenesis
⬇ ABSORPTIVE AREA (malabsorption/maldigestion complex)
Villus blunting y rotavirus/coronavirus
⬆OSMOLARITY
Ruminal acidosis
SECRETORY DIARREOA
Clostridia, ETEC, Johnes, Salmonella
Stimulation of cAMP, Na, then Cl moves into lumen, then water follows (osmotic gradient)
Clin Path
Metabolic acidosis
Faecal loss of bicarbonate
L lactate due to dehyradration (poor O2 supply to tissue)
D lactate by bacteria in colon when exposed to excess substrate
Results
Reduced CO
CNS depression
Ataxia, Don't want to suckle -> hypoglycaemia + coma -> death
Affects reticular groove -> ruminal drinking -> fermentation in the rumen -> D Lactaemia
Hypochloraemia
Hyperkalaemia
Hyponatraemia
Clinical Exam
Temp = normal -> low
Rapid, compensatory respiration
Weak, racing pulse
Tx
oral fluid therapy, route of choice if animal is suckling, <8% dehydration. ⬆Na, Alkalizing agent: Acetate, Gluconate, lactate, sodium bicarbonate + Na co-transporter (glucose)
Iv Bicarb therapy, after VBG,
➢ Correction of fluid deficit ➢ Correction of acid-base imbalances ➢ Correction of electrolyte imbalances ➢ Correction of hypoglycaemia ➢ Correction of hypothermia
Underlying causes - ABx
feed milk
glucose ➡⬆immune function but may exacerbate lactic acidosis & osmotic diarrhoea
feed in small quantities
(@5-6
feedings a day), warm (40degrees), 50% BW,
