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17th century - Silvia Guisasola - Coggle Diagram
17th century - Silvia Guisasola
The economy in the 17th century
The European economy
Agricultural crisis
Causes
Plagues
It reduced the workforce
Farmers migrated
To avoid paying taxes
Agricultural techniques
They were outdated
Outdated: not modern
Bad harvests
Wars
Some areas were plundered
Plundered: steal riches in a war.
The workforce was reduced
Consequences
Prices rose
Hunger
Subsistence crisis: is an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered.
The second half of the century
The situation improved slightly
Population increased
There were fewer wars
The growth in colonial trade
The colonial empires expanded
English reached India
French expanded to North America
Dutch founded trading posts in South Africa and Indonesia
Some kings encouraged the private trading companies
The textile industry grew
In England and Holland
Monarchs implemented the mercantile system
Increase the amount of precious metals entering their kingdoms
Protect national industries by taxing imported products
Mercantile system: an economic theory that was dominant during the17th century Europe that stated that the wealth of a nation depends on its possession of precious metals and therefore the government of a nation must maximise exports and limit imports. This was done by establishing colonies to create commercial routes and exploit the colonies´ natural resources.
The economic crisis in Spain
The agricultural crisis and the decline in the population
The expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609
300 000 people left the Peninsula
The majority of them were farmers
Many farmers left the countryside due to the hard way of life
Pícaros (rogues) became more predominant
People from a low social class
They managed to survive by deceiving and cheating others
Pícaros: (rogues) were people from a low social class who managed to survive by deceiving and cheating others.
Some people migrated to America in order to escape poverty
The trade and craft industry crisis
Spanish monarchy ran out of resources from the Americas
The mines were almost empty
The sea route was constantly under threat from pirates
Smuggler: a person who takes things into or out of a country illegally.
Crisis in the craft industry
Spanish manufactured products were not competitively priced
Trade with the Americas decreased
The rest of the empires established trading posts in the Americas
Society
In Atlantic Protestant Europe
Bourgeois traders prospered through the crafts and trade
They became more powerful
It enabled them to develop trade
They gained access to political positions
They became part of the privileged class
In Southern Catholic Europe
The economy barely recovered
The nobility and clergy
Maintained their positions of power
Continued to reject any manual work
They wanted to live off the rents
They wanted to accumulate noble titles
Society
Nobility
Did not pay taxes
Had some political or military obligations
Dedicated their time to hunting and social events
Lived in palaces
Obtained rents from their land (they were worked by peasants)
Types
The higher nobility
They maintained their power and social dominance
The lower impoverished nobility (the "hidalgos")
They continued enjoying their privileges
They had a medieval mentality and praised the military orders
Hidalgos: lower (poorer) nobility.
The "pecheros" (those who paid taxes)
The bourgeoisie
Types
The haute bourgeoisie
The English and Dutch gained access to political positions
They continued to prosper
It consisted of important traders, bankers and high public officials
Haute (upper) bourgeoisie: members of the upper middle class, such as traders, bankers and high public officials.
The petite bourgeoisie
They had to pay taxes
They were badly affected by the crises
It included artisans, small-scale traders and labourers
Petite bourgeoisie: members of the lower middle class, such as artisans, small-scale traders and labourers.
It hardly grew in number
The peasants
They formed the majority of population
They became vulnerable during agricultural crisis
Many of them had to resort to begging
Some became bandits
Bandit: someone who robs people, especially one of a group of people who attack travellers.
Those who owned land had to sell it to nobility
It resulted in a larger number of latifundios
Latifundios: large agricultural estates
The poor worked for the nobility and bourgeoisie
Pecheros: those who paid taxes, that is, the bourgeoisie, the peasants and the poor.
The beggars
They increased in number
They had to beg or depend on charity to survive
Social revolts
The monarchs raised the taxes for increase their resources
They occurred in years of bad harvests
The majority of who rebelled were peasants
Sometime they were led by discontented nobles or bourgeoisie
The revolts in different kingdoms
In France they were politically motivated
In the British Isles political motives were combined with religious
In Spain they were led by secessionist movements
In Russia they were due to ethnic divisions
The Thirty Years' War
France and absolutism
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The Thirty Year's War (1618-1648)
It gradually developed into a more general conflict
Phases:
Protestant uprising in Bohemia
Protestant nobles appointed a Protestant king
The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire fought against them
Two sides were formed
The Emperor was supported by German Catholics, Spain and Portugal
The Protestants formed an alliance with Germany
The intervention of Denmark
The Lutheran King of Denmark intervened, supported by England
The United Provinces resumed their fight against Spain
Protestants lost and signed the Surrender of Breda (1626)
Swedish participation
German Catholics took the Protestants' possessions
The King of Sweden came to their aid
A peace treaty was signed
Religious persecution would be stopped
Protestant property would be returned
Sweden would gain more power in the area
France joined the conflict
France formed an alliance with the Protestants
French defeated Spanish troops at the Battle of Rocroi (1643)
It was caused by the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648
The Spanish monarchy lost their dominance over Europe
The sovereignty of the German states was recognised
Religious tolerance and limits on the power were established
Sweden became the dominant state on the Baltic coast
France became the leading power in Europe
The independence of the northern Low Countries was recognised
It controlled the trade routes to Asia
The Peace of Westphalia: was a series of peace treaties that were signed in 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They mostly ended the European religious wars, including the Thirty Years' War.
England and the parliamentary system
Charles I
He was an absolutist monarch
He summoned Parliament to increase taxes
Parliament demanded restrictions to the King's powers
A civil war broke between the King and Parliament
Parliament was victorious
The King was executed and England became a republic
The parliament
It consisted of the Puritan bourgeoisie and Anglican nobles
Groups:
The House of Lords, who represented the higher nobility
The House of Commons, who acted in the name of the bourgeoisie
Oliver Cromwell
He was the lider of the Republic of England
He would become a dictator years later
The monarchy was reinstated in England in 1660
King James I
He tried to reinstate Catholicism
It resulted in the Glorious Revolution in 1680
William III (a Dutch Protestant)
He was appointed by the parliament
In 1689, he signed the Bill of Rights
It recognised Parliament's authority
Private property
Restrictions to royal power
In Europe...
England was the first parliamentary monarchy
Parliamentary monarchy: a political system in which the king's power was restricted by the parliament that governed the country.
Republics governed had already been established
Freedom of the press was respected
Freedom of the press: the right to publish freely in newspapers, magazines, and other printed matter without governmental restriction and subject only to the laws of the country.
Positions were allocated through a voting system
Spain in the 17th century
The austrian habsburgs
Felipe III (1598-1621)
His Valido was the Duke of Lerma
Spain was bankrupt
The armed conflicts were ended
A peace treaty was signed with England
A truce was declared with the Protestants in the Low Countries
In 1609, the expulsion of the Moriscos was ordered
They were accused of being fake christians
The king wished to compensate for ceding to the Protestants
It had an extremely negative effect on the Spanish economy
Felipe IV (1621-1665)
His Valido was the Count-Duke of Olivares
Spain took part in new wars (such as the Thirty Years' War)
He attempted to increase tax collection
Union of Arms
The kingdoms ruled by the Spanish monarchy provided materials
In the Crown of Aragón's kingdoms the courts opposed this idea
The proposal failed
Spain went bankrupt
It provoked domestic rebellions
The most serious ones were in Catalonia and Portugal
In 1652, the royal army took control of Barcelona
In Portugal, the nobility managed to appoint a Portuguese king
Conspiracies also occurred in Andalucía and Aragón
Revolts occurred in Naples and Sicily
After the Peace of Westphalia, he focused on its domestic revolts
Spain was forced to sign a peace treaty with France
the Treaty of the Pyrenees, in1659
Consequences:
France gained Roussillon, Cerdanya, and territories in Flanders
Louis XIV, King of France, and Maria Theresa, the daughter of Felipe IV married
In 1668, Spain recognised Portugal's independence
Carlos II (1665-1700)
Different validos took power during his reign
He was a minor when he came to the throne
He was suffering from an illness
France continued its hostilities against a weak Spain
Carlos II left no heirs
The war of succession
Carlos II named Felipe of Anjou as his successor
He was from the Bourbon dynasty
He was the grandson of King Louis XIV of France
This decision caused great fear in other countries
Carlos of Austria was proposed as a candidate for the throne
War of Succession (1701-1713)
Felipe was proclaimed King of Spain in Madrid in 1700
He was supported by Castile and France
Carlos was proclaimed King of Spain in Barcelona in 1705
He was recognised by Courts of Aragón, Valencia and Cataluña
He had the military support of Austria, Great Britain, the United Provinces, Portugal, Savoy and Prussia
Felipe succeeded at the Battle of Almansa in 1707
He conquered Valencia and Aragón
The coalition also gained victories and the war continued
In 1711, the Archduke Carlos inherited the throne of Austria
Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713 (France and the coalition)
In 1714, Felipe V took control of Barcelona and ended the war (the Treaty of Rastatt)
Consequences
France
Imposed Felipe V as King of Spain
Felipe had to renounce his right to the French throne
Austria
Gained the Spanish Low Countries, Naples, Sardinia and Milan
Savoy acquired Sicily
Great Britain
Gained Gibraltar, Minorca and the French colonies in North America
Obtained trade concessions with the Spanish colonies
Spain
Lost its European territories but maintained the ones in the Americas
This was the lowest point in Spain's decline from then onwards
The kingdom of Spain became a centralised state
Felipe V passed the "Nueva Planta" decrees (1707-1716)
It abolished the fueros and the institutions of the Crown of Aragón
Castilian laws
Secessionist: are people who want their region or group to become separate from the country or larger group to which it belongs.
The Spanish War of Succession: (1701-1713): it was a war to decide who would be the next king of Spain after the death of Carlos II. It was fought between Felipe V of Anjou of France and Charles of Habsburg who was supported by a coalition of Austria, Great Britain, the United Provinces, Portugal, Savoy and Prussia.
The Austrian Habsburgs delegated power to the Validos
Became rich
Gave priviledges to their supporters and family
Corruption increased rivalry among nobles ending in conspiracies
Validos: these were trusted advisors of the Austrian Habsburgs who ruled in effect like prime ministers.
