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biology EOY - Coggle Diagram
biology EOY
respiration
Describe cellular respiration as an exothermic reaction (transfers energy to the environment) which is continuously occurring in living cells.
The energy transferred supplies all the energy needed for living processes.
Respiration in cells can take place aerobically (using oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen) to transfer energy.
Aerobic respiration is represented by the equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy release
Recognise the chemical symbols: C6H12O6, CO2, O2 and H2O
Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells is represented by the equation:
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy release
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The heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase during exercise to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood. This enables increased cellular respiration so more energy is transferred to meet the demands of the muscle cells.
If insufficient oxygen is supplied anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles. The incomplete oxidation of glucose causes a build-up of lactic acid and creates an oxygen debt. During long periods of vigorous activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently.
organisation, cells and microscpy
animal cells
a nucleus, which controls the activities of the cell
cytoplasm, in which most of the chemical reactions take place
a cell membrane, which controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell. It also contains receptor molecules.
mitochondria, which is where aerobic respiration takes place
ribosomes, which are where protein synthesis occurs.
plant cells
chloroplasts, which absorb light (using chlorophyll) to make food by photosynthesis
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Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.
bacterial cells
They have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
The genetic material is not enclosed by a nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of DNA plasmids
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An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope. This means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.
transport in cells
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Diffusion is the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
In multicellular organisms, surfaces and organ systems are specialised for exchanging materials. The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by having:
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Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution, against a concentration gradient. This requires energy from respiration.
Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil. Plants require ions for healthy growth.
Active transport allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration. Sugar molecules are used for cell respiration.
heart and CHD
The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. (Heart to lungs to heart; heart to rest of body to heart)
Identify the right ventricle on a diagram of the heart (pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place).
Identify the left ventricle on a diagram of the heart (thicker wall with more muscle to generate a higher pressure to pump blood a longer distance to the rest of the body).
Describe the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries
Heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening or closing fully. Faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical valves. Students should be able to evaluate the use of biological or mechanical heart valves from given information and from their own knowledge.