Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Research Methodology: Group 4 - Coggle Diagram
Research Methodology: Group 4
Research Design
Explanatory
Experimental
Cause and Effect
Pragmatic Clinical Trials
Quasi Experiments
Single Subject Designs
Any Number of subjects (no comparison)
Propsective
Subjects are their own controls
Alternation between treatment and baseline phases
Multiple Measurements
Randomized Control Trials
True Experimental Design
Manipulation
Independent Variable
Control Group
No Placebo Affect
Randomization
Homogeneous Groups
Exploratory
Observational
Finds Relationships
Cohort Studies
Prospective or Retrospective
Large Sample Size
Long follow up time
High Cost
Case-Control Studies
Retrospective
Useful for studying rare conditions
Selection Bias
Observational Bias
Recall Bias
Correlation and Predictive Research
Methodological Research
Descriptive
Qualitative
Developmental Research
Normative Research
Descriptive Surveys
Case Reports
Retrospective or prospective
Biased: Recall Bias
Overinterpretation
Limited External Validity
Historical Research
Qualitative Research
Describes populations
Reporting Results
Statistical Analysis
Intervention outcomes
interaction between groups
confidence intervals
p value
percentage that results are from a random chance
p = .01 or .05
Effect size
numbers needed to treat
risk analysis
0.8 = large effect
0.5 = moderate effect
0.2 = minimal effect
Correlations
0.2 = small correlation
0.5 = moderate correlation
0.7 = strong correlation
Graphs and tables reflecting the data
Data Analysis
Quantitative
Based on numbers
larger sample
Closed ended questions
ex. Q " Did you buy ice cream today? 1) Yes 2) No"
multiple choice questions
surveys
statistical data
Ratio ex. distance between attributes is interpretable and always contain a meaningful absolute zero
Interval ex. distance between attributes is interpretable
Qualitative
based on opinions and experiences
interview, focus group
open ended questions
ask respondents to answer in their own words
ex. Q. "why did you buy ice cream today?"
Non-statistical
group discussions,
smaller sample size
Ordinal ex. ranking attributes, education levels
Nominal ex. naming attributes, SID number,
Levels/Scales of Measurement
Research Question
Foreground Questions
Formulate a clinical question from the patient's case
Formulate a PICO(TT) question
O (outcome)- What is trying to be achieved with the treatment or test in question? This is the outcome that should be achieved (i.e. reduction in patient's reported pain)
I (Intervention)- What is the intervention or test you are trying to gather information about?
T (type of question)
Intervention, Aetiology/Risk Factors, Frequency/Rate, Diagnosis, and Prognosis/Prediction questions
P (population)- What is the patient population that this question should pertain to?
T (Type of study)- this is the type of study you would want to find, could include RCT, Case, or Cohort studies, etc.
C (comparison)- Is there another intervention or test that you can compare to? This is typically comparing to a Gold Standard treatment or test
Background Questions
These are questions that address the nature of an individual's problem or need
Data Collection
Indirect Data: Structured
Measurement Outcomes
Interval: Numbers have equal intervals, but no true zero
Ordinal: Numbers indicate rank order
Ratio: Numbers represent units with equal intervals, measured from true zero
Nominal: Numerals are category labels
Direct Data: Unstructured
Questionnaires
Surveys
Interviews
Types of data collection Methods
Biophysiological
Self-Report
Observation
Sampling
Identify population of interest
Solidify Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Identify accessible population
Select a sample
Sample selecting techniques
Non-probability
(No random selection)
Convenience sampling
Quota Sampling
Hand picking
Snowball sampling
Probability
(Random selection)
Systematic Sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
Simple random sampling