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5 Concept Mindmap - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Lab Test: Sudan IV which is dark red. A positive result would be a colour change from dark red to reddish-orange.
      - Triglycerides, bonded by dehydration and broken by hydrolysis. 3 Fatty acids joined to a glycerol.
      - Fatty acids: 1) Saturated; all carbons linked by single bonds. (solid at room temp) 2) Unsaturated: contain one or more double bonds. (Liquid at room temp)
      - Fats can be structural by providing cushioning and insulation. Blubber is important for most marine mammals, such as whales and seals. The thick layer of fat provides insulation from cold ocean temperatures. Blubber can also be broken down into energy when the animal can not find food.
      - Phospholipids: composed of glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Amphipathic molecules; phosphate head is polar and fatty acid tail nonpolar.
      - Steroids: four interconnected rings of carbon atoms. Insoluble in water. Tiny differences lead to different specific biological properties: Estrogen vs. Testosterone.
      - Insoluble in water (non polar). Lipids include; fats, steroids and waxes. Composed of predominantly carbon and hydrogen atoms.
    - - Conjugated proteins: protein molecules joined together with another molecule called a prosthetic group. This structural change affects performance and function of protein, an example of this is; chlorophyll with a prosthetic group that contains magnesium.
        
        Lipoproteins: protein with lipid prosthetic group.
        Examples are: Low density lipoproteins and High density lipoproteins.
        These are very important for transport of cholesterol in the blood.
        
        Glycoproteins: protein with carbohydrate prosthetic group. Examples are; collagens, immunoglobulins or mucins.
      - Globular proteins: Complex tertiary structure and sometimes quaternary structure, (spherical shape). Their large shape affects their behavior in water, due to their carboxyl and amino ends give them ionic properties. An important role globular proteins are in charge of is that they hold molecules in position in the cytoplasm. Additionally, important in terms of our immune system. An example is antibodies. Enzymes and hormones are other examples of globular proteins as well.
      - LAB: To Test for Proteins. Add Biuret Reagent to the test tube. A positive result is a change of color from blue to purple.
      - Protein Structure
        
        Quaternary Structure: the three dimensional arrangement of more than one tertiary polypeptide.
        
        Red and white muscles in Fish
        Fish may have red muscle to help with continuous swimming. It is red because it contains a large amount of red, oxygen binding pigment known as myoglobin.
        White muscle is for rapid bursts of swimming such as catching prey by surprise or escaping. No myoglobin present.
        
        Tertiary Structure: the three dimensional folding of the secondary structure.
        
        Secondary Structure: The repeating pattern in the structure of the peptide chains such as an a-helix or b-pleated sheets.
        
        Primary structure: The linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide.
      - Polypeptide formation: Amino acids joined by dehydration reaction, (Carboxyl + Amino). Polypeptide breakdown is through hydrolysis.
      - Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and small of amounts of elements such as Sulfur.
      - The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.
        There are 20 different types of amino acids.
      - Cycling of nutrients in marine environments: The Nitrogen cycle
        In the marine environment this takes place through the action of diazotrophs. Diazotrophs are bacteria and archaea that can convert molecular nitrogen to substances such as ammonia (NH3).
        When consumers and producers die, the proteins are broken down into amino acids by saprophytic bacteria and fungi. Ammonifying bacteria convert the amino acids back to ammonia, which then can be oxidised into nitrites to nitrates in a process named nitrification.
    - - Lab test: Starch- Iodine solution; positive result is a colour change to blue-black. Reducing Sugars- Benedict's solution; positive result is depending on the concentration of sugars present. The solution is bright blue and can go from yellow to orange to brick red.
      - Monosaccharides: Most common are 5 or 6 carbons, pentoses (Ribose (C5H10O5)) or hexoses (Glucose (C6H12O6)). Form linear or ring structures. Disaccharides: Consists of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond. E.G: sucrose. Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers. E.G: Cellulose (structural) Glycogen (energy).
      - Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Cn(H2O)n.
    - - In the ocean, the main way carbon enters is by dissolving of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, carbon dioxide dissolves into carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). Then dissociates into hydrogencarbonate ions () and hydrogen ions (H+) in a reversible action. There is a dynamic equilibrium between carbon dioxide, hydrogencarbonate and carbonic acid.
        In seawater, 89% of the dissolved inorganic carbon is found as hydrogencarbonate, 10% is carbonate, and 1% is dissolved carbon dioxide.
      - Algae and photosynthetic bacteria that make up the phytoplankton are able to take in dissolved forms of carbon dioxide and use it in photosynthesis.
        When the phytoplankton are eaten by zooplankton, the carbon containing molecules are broken down during digestion, which then gets assimilated by the zooplankton.