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Digestive & Urinary System Rov Loren Aniceto P.6 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System
Rov Loren Aniceto P.6
Major Organs of Digestive System
Alimentary Canal
Stomach: temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
-Convert bolus> paste-like chyme
-Cardial part(cardia): surround cardial orifice
-Fundus: dome-shaped region
-Body: mid portion
-Pyloric part: wider & more superior portion region, antrum, narrows into pyloric canal that terminates in pylorus
-Greater curvature: convex lateral surface of stomach
-Lesser curvature: concave medial surface of stomach
Small Intestine: Major organ of digestion & absorption
-Duodenum: retroperitoneal, curve around head of pancreas
-Jejunum: attached posteriorly by mesentary
-Ileum: attached posterioroly by mesentary; joins large intestine at ileocal valve
-Villi: Finger-like projections of mucosa w/ a core taht contains dense capillary beds & lymphatic capillary called Lacteal for absorption
-Microvilli: Cytoplasmic extension of mucosal cell give fuzzy appearance, Brush Border, that contian membrane-bound enzymes, brush border enzymes, used for final carb & protein digestion
Esophagus:
-falt muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach, collapsed when not involved in propulsion
-Gastroesophageal(cardial) sphincter surround cardial orifice: keep orifice closed when food isn't swallowed & mucus cells on both sides of sphincter help protect from acid reflux
Large Intestine
Colon: Ascending, Transverse, descending, & sigmoid(s shape)
Rectum: 3 rectal valves stop feces from being passed w/ gas
Appendix: masses of lymphoid tissue; bacterial storehouse capable of recolonizing gut when necessary
Anal canal: last segment of large intestine that opens to body exterior at anus
Cecum: first part of large intestines
Pharynx:
-food passes from mouth to oropharynx to laryngopharynx
-no digestive function
-allow passge of food, fluids, & air
-external muscle layer consist of 2 skeletal muscle layer
Anus
Mouth: Pharynx & esophagus are conduits to pass food from mouth to stomach
-Major function is propulsion starting w/ deglutition
Accessory organs
Gall Bladder: thin-walled muscular sac on ventral surface of liver
-Store & concentrate bile by absorbing water & ions
Salivary Glands:
-cleanse mouth, dissolve food chemicals for taste, moisten food for bolus, break of starch
Serous membrane: produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin
Mucous cells: produce mucus
Tongue: occupies floor of mouth
-Function: gripping, repositioning, & mixing of food during chewing
-Formation of bolus, mixture of food & saliva
-initiation of swallowing, speech, & taste
Liver: largest gland in body
-4 lobes; right, left, caudate, & quadrate
-Bile duct: common hepatic duct leaves liver, cystic duct connect to gall bladder
-Bile duct duct formed by union of common hepatic & cystic ducts
Teeth: lie in sockets in gum, cover margin of mandible & maxilla
-Mastication: process of chewing that tears & grinds food into smaller fragments
Pancreas:
-Exocrine function: produce pancreatic juice
-Endocrine: secretion of insulin & glucagon by pancreatic islet cells
Digestive Process & Enzymes
Denatures proteins by HCI
Pepsin carries out enzymatic digestion of proteins
Deliver Chyme to small intestine
Lipid soluble alcohol & aspirin absorbed into blood
Only stomach function essential for life ins secretion of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption
Enzymes
-Proteases -> for proteins
-Amylase -> for carbs
-Lipases -> lipids
Nucleases -> Nucleic Acids
Serves as holding area for food
Carries out breakdown of food
Major Organs of Urinary System
Internal Anatomy
Renal Medulla
-deep to cortex, composed of cone-shaped medullary(renal) pyramids
-broad base faces cortex
-Papialla, tip of pyramid, points internally
-Renal Pyramids are separated by renal columns, inward extensions of cortical tissue
-lobe: medullary pyrmaid & its surrounding cortical tissue
Renal Pelvis
-Funnel-shaped tube continuous w/ ureter
-Minor Calyces: cup shaped areas that collect urine from pyramid papillae
-Major calyces: areas that collect urine from minor calyces
-empyu urine into pelvis
Renal Cortex: Granular appearing region
Urine
95% water & 5% Solutes
Nitrogenous wastes:
-Urea(amino acid breakdown) largest solute breakdown
-Uric Acid(nucleic acid metabolism)
-Creatinine (metabolite of creatine phosphate)
Urine Flow: Renal Pyramid > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter
Urinary Bladder: temporary storage sac for urine
Kidneys: an excretory organ that maintains the body's internal environment
Major Functions
Digestive System
Function:
-Take in food
-Break it down into nutrient molecules
-Absorb Molecules into blood
-Rid body of indigestible remains
Digestive Process
Ingestion: Eating
Propulsion: Movement of food through the alimentary canal; Peristalsis(waves of contraction/relaxation)
Mechanical Breakdown: chewing mixing food w/ saliva, churning food in stomach, & Segmentation(local constriction of intestine that mixes food w/ digestive juices)
Digestion: series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
Absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood/lymph
Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces
Urinary
Regulate ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Regulating total water volume & water concentration
Excrete metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Produce erythropoietin(blood pressure & renin;reg. RBCs)
Activate vitamin D
Carry out gluconeogenesis
Layers of GI Tract
Muscularis externa
-muscular layer responsible for segmentation & peristalsis
-Contain inner circular muscle layer & outer longitudinal layers
-> circular layer thickens to make sphincters
Serosa
-Outermost layer made of visceral peritoneum(keeps organ moist)
Submucosa
-Consist of Areolar connective tissue
-Contain blood & lymph vessels, lymphoid follicles, & submucosal nerve plexus that supply surround GI tract tissues
-Abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organ regain shape after storing large meal
Mucosa
Tunic Layer lines lumen
Function:
-Secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, & hormones
-Absorb end product of digestion
-Protect against diseases
Disorders of Digestive & Urinary system
Urinary
Kidney Stones: stones that are within the ureters, the tubes that allows urine to pass through
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): infection in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder, or urethra
Bladder Cancer: mostly affecting the elderly which has the presence of cancer cells in the bladder
Digestive
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): stomach acid or bile flows into the food pipe and irritates the lining.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) : chronic inflammation of the digestive tract
Cholecystitis: redness and inflammation of the gallbladder
Peptic Ulcers: open sores that are open within the lining of the stomach and portion of the smaller intestines
Nephron Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
-Tuft of capillaries
-Highly porous capillaries
-Allow for efficient filtrate formation->Filtrate;plasma-derived fluid, renal tubules process to make urine
Glomerular Capsule(aka Bowman's capsule)
-2 layers:
Parietal(simple squamous epithelium)
Visceral(sling to glomerular capillaries branching epithelial podocytes)
-Extensions terminates in foot process that cling to basement membrane
-Filtration slits between foot processes (allows filtrate to pass into capsular space)
Renal Tubule & Collecting Duct
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
-U-shaped structure containing 2 limbs
Descending Limb:
-Proximal part of limb is contained w/in proximal tube
Ascending Limb:
-Thick ascend in limb(thin in some nephrons)
-Cuboidal or columnar cells
Distal Convoluted Tube
-Cuboidal Cells w/ few microvilli
-Function more in secretion thatn absorption
-confined to cortex
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
-Cuboidal cells w/ dense microvilli that form brush border -> increases surface area
-Large Mitochondria
-Functions in absorption & secretion
-confined to cortex
Collecting Duct
Principal Cells:
-sparse w/ short microvilli
-maintain water & Na+ balance
Intercalated Cells:
-Cuboidal cells w/ abundant microvilli
-A&B help maintain acid-base balance of blood
-Receive filtrate from many nephrons
-run through medullary pyramids
-ducts fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
Location of digestion & absorption of ea. macromolecule
Carbohydrate digestion occurs at mouth & small intestine
Fructose passes via facilitated diffusion
All monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, & are transported to the liver via hepatic vein
glucose & galatose are absorbed via cotransport w/ Na+
fat digestion occurs in mouth, stomach, small intestine
fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined to form triglycerides & then combined w/ other lipids & proteins
the chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the villi and are transported to the systemic circulation
fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cells
some short chain fatty acids are absorbed and enter the capillary blood in the villi, & are transported to the liver via hepatic portal vein
Protein digestion occurs at stomach, small intestine
Some dipeptides & tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport w/ H+ & hydrolyzed to amino acids w/in the cells
transcytosis(transcellular transport in which various macomolecules are transortedn across the interior of a cell) of small peptides happen
Amino acids are absorbed via cotransport w/ Na+
Amino acids leave the epithelial cells by facillitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, & transported to the liver