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Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 The Digestive & Urinary Systems - Coggle…
Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 The Digestive & Urinary Systems
Major Functions of the Digestive System
Absorb Molecules into Bloodstream (Through Intestines)
Rid Body of Indigestible Remains (Defecation)
Break Food down into Nutrient Molecules (Digestion)
Take in Food (Starting w/ Mouth)
Major Functions of the Urinary System
Regulate Blood Volume & Pressure
Control Levels of Electrolytes/Metabolites
Regulate Total Solute Concentration in Water
Regulate Blood pH
Regulate Total Water Volume
Eliminate Wastes from Body
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Main Organs
Small Intestine
major organ of digestion and absorption, absorbs nutrients and most water
Stomach
temporary storage tank for food that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion; converts bolus into chyme, carries out breakdown of food, delivers chyme to small intestine
Large Intestine
reabsorbs vitamins, water, and electrolytes, propels feces to anus, defecates
Pharynx + Esophagus
Pharynx
allows passage of food, fluids, & air
Esophagus
carries food & liquid from mouth to stomach
Anus
helps with bowel movements, the opening where stool is pushed through
Mouth/Oral Cavity
where digestion begins
Rectum
acts as a temporary storage site for feces
Accessory Organs
Pancreas
supplies most enzymes needed to digest chyme and bicarbonate that is needed to neutralize stomach acid
Liver
produces bile (a fat emulsifier)
Salivary Glands
secrete saliva; saliva cleans the mouth, dissolves food chemicals for taste, moistens food and compacts it into bolus, and begin breakdown of starch with the enzyme amylase
Gallbladder
stores bile
Teeth
aid in digestion by participating in mastication
Tongue
aids in digestion by gripping, repositioning, mixing food with saliva, forming bolus, and initiating swallowing and taste
Major Organs of the Urinary System
Ureters
transports urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary Bladder
temporary storage reservoir for urine
Kidneys
filter blood, remove wastes, control the body's fluid balance, & balance levels of electrolytes
Urethra
transports urine out of the body
Digestive Enzymes
Saliva Amylase
breaks down starches
Lingual Lipase
start breakdown of lipids in the mouth
Pepsinogen/Pepsin
breaks down proteins in the stomach
Gastric Lipase
breaks down lipids in the stomach
Rennin
enzyme found in unweaned animals that curdles milk in the stomach
Pancreatic Amylase
enzyme secreted from pancreas into the small intestine that breaks down starches
Brush Border Enzymes
enzymes in the small intestine that can break down carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
Pancreatic Lipases
enzymes secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine that help break down lipids
Pancreatic Proteases
enzymes from the pancreas in the small intestine that break down proteins
Pancreatic Nucleases
Pancreatic RNase & DNase break down nucleic acids in the small intestine
Location of Digestion & Absorption of Each Macromolecule
Lipids
slightly digested by lingual and gastric lipases, emulified by bile from the liver in the small intestine, and pancreatic lipases
absorbed by intestinal cells
Proteins
digested by pepsin in the stomach and pancreatic proteases and brush border enzymes in the small intestine
absorbed by microvilli
Carbohydrates
digested by salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and brush border enzymes
absorbed through the blood stream as forms of sugar and starches
Nucleic Acids
digested by pancreatic RNase & DNase & brush border enzymes in the small intestine
absorbed by intestinal mucosa
Layers of the GI Tract
Muscularis Externa
muscle layer responsible for segmentation peristalsis
Subserosa (found in stomach)
CT containing elastin fibers, lymphatics, glands secreting mucous
Submucosa
areolar CT containing blood and lymph vessels, lymphoid follicles, nerve, supports the mucosa
Serosa
outermost layer made up of visceral peritoneum
Mucosa
first innermost layer lining lumen, secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones, absorbs end products of digestion, protects against infectious diseases
Nephron (Anatomy & Physiology)
Anatomy
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
specialized bundle of capillaries between 2 resistant vessels, the filtering unit of kidneys -> allows for filtrate formation
Glomerulus/Bowman's Capsule
capsule surrounding glomerulus
Renal Tubule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
tubule closer to glomerulus that functions to reabsorb and secrete
Nephron Loop/Loop of Henle
Ascending Limb
actively reabsorbs sodium chloride
Descending Limb
primary site of water absorption
Distal Convoluted Tubule
tubule further from glomerulus functions to regulate ions and pH, drains into collecting duct
Collecting Duct
receive filtrate from nephrons and moves into renal pelvis and ureters
Physiology
3 Step Process to Produce Urine
Glomerular Filtration
1st step, takes place in Renal Corpuscle, process used to filter excess fluid and waste products out of blood and into urine collecting tubules of kidney; blood forced through membrane only tiny particles and water pass-through
Tubular Reabsorption
2nd step, process of moving solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into bloodstream, water/glucose goes back to blood, all waste left becomes urine
Tubular Secretion
3rd step, components of blood (drugs, metabolites, potassium, etc.) join filtrate
Disorders of the Digestive & Urinary Systems
Digestive
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
chronic condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
caused by: unknown causes, result of a defective immune system
symptoms: abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, anemia, bowel obstruction
treatment: medications, surgery
Peptic Ulcers
caused by: infections, long term use of anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
symptoms: upper abdominal pain, heart burn, indigestion, vomiting
condition in which painful sores develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
treatment: medication, lifestyle changes, endoscopic surgery
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
caused by: frequent acid reflux, smoking, diet, certain medications
symptoms: heart burn, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing
chronic disease where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus
treatment: dietary modifications, prescription/over-the-counter medication
Colon Diseases
Colorectal Cancer
caused by: diet, other intestinal diseases, overweight/obesity, no physical activity, radiation, chemical exposure
symptoms: changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, bloody stools, abdominal pain
uncontrolled cell growth (cancer) in the colon
treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, medication
Hemorrhoids
caused by straining during bowel movements, obesity, pregnancy
symptoms: pain in rectum/anus, bleeding, lump near anus
treatment: diet modifications, medications, surgical removal, self-care
swollen, inflamed veins in the rectum/anus
Cholecystitis
symptoms: severe pain in upper right belly, bloating, vomiting
caused by: gallstones blocking tube leading out of gallbladder, bile build up causing inflammation
inflammation of the gallbladder
treatment: medication, fasting, surgery (cholecystectomy)
Constipation
infrequent bowel movements
Diverticulitis
inflammation of small pouches of the intestines
GI Infections
may be bacterial, viral, or fungal
Abdominal Hernia
intestines protrude through abdominal wall
Irritable Bowel Disease (IBS)
irritation of the intestinal lining
Liver Disease
liver inflammation and tissue damage
Pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancrease
Colitis
sores and inflammation of the colon
Viral Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis virus
Urinary
Bladder Cancer
uncontrolled cell growth in the bladder
caused by: smoking, chronic bladder inflammation
symptoms: hematuria (blood in urine), frequent and urgent urination, pain when passing urine
treatment: surgery, medication, chemotherapy
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
abnormal growth of bacteria along the urinary tract
risk factors: sexually active women, pregnant women, women with diabetes
symptoms: burning with urination, urgent need to urinate, blood in urine
treatment: antibiotic pills, drinking lots of water, drinking cranberry juice
Kidney Stones
hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys
caused by: high lvls of minerals/salts, UTIs, weight, family history, dehydration
symptoms: severe pain in side of abdomen, blood in urine, nausea, vomiting, fever
treatment: passing the stone, medication, surgery