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Digestive & Urinary System- P.6 Richard Nguyen - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System- P.6 Richard Nguyen
Major functions of the digestive system
Take in food
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the blood stream
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Major functions of the urinary system
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
Ensuring long term acid base balance
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, and drug
Producing erythropoietin
activating vitamin D
Carrying out gluconeogenesis
Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder: temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra: transports urine out of body
Major organs of the digestive system
Teeth
lie in sockets in gum-covered margins of mandible and maxilla
Mastication
process of chewing
Shapes
Incisors
chisel shaped for cutting
Canines
fanglike teeth that tear or pierce
Premolars
broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or crush
Molars
broad crowns, rounded cusps: best grinders
Structure
Crown
exposed part above the gum
Root
portion embedded in jawbone
Tongue
occupies the floor of the mouth
Functions
Gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food during chewing
Formation of bolus, mixture of food and saliva
Initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste
Gallbladder
Chief function is storage of bile
Gallbladder is a thin-walled muscular sac on ventral surface of liver
Digestive Glands
Salivary Glands
Parotid Gland
Sublingual Gland
Sub-mandibular Gland
Saliva
Cleanses mouth
Dissolves food chemicals for taste
Moistens food
Composed of Two Secretory Cells
Serous Cells
Produce watery secretion
Mucous Cells
Produce mucus
Liver
Digestive function is production of bile
Largest gland in body; weighs ~3 lbs
Consists of four primary lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate
Bile ducts
Common hepatic duct leaves liver
Cystic duct connects to gallbladder
Bile duct formed by union of common hepatic and cystic ducts
Pancreas
supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Exocrine function: produce pancreatic juice
Endocrine function: secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islet cells
Small Intestine
Small intestine’s length and other structural modifications provide huge surface
area for nutrient absorption
Villi
Fingerlike projections of mucosa (~1 mm high) with a core that contains dense
capillary bed and lymphatic capillary called a lacteal for absorption
Microvilli
cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell that give fuzzy appearance called the brush border that contains membrane-bound enzymes brush border enzymes,
Large Intestine
Large role in Digestion, Absorption, Propulsion, and Defecation
Teniae Coli
three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
Haustra
pocketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli
Epiploic appendages
fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
cecum
first part of large intestine
Appendix
masses of lymphoid tissue
Colon
has several regions, most which are retroperitoneal (except for transverse and sigmoid regions)
Rectum
three rectal valves stop feces from being passed with gas (flatus)
Anal canal
last segment of large intestine that opens to body exterior at anus
Major organs of the urinary systems
Ureters
lender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder
Urethra
Muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder
Muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
Males: prostate inferior to bladder neck
Females: anterior to vagina and uterus
Kidney
Renal Cortex
granular-appearing superficial region
Renal Medulla
eep to cortex, composed of cone-shaped medullary (renal)
pyramids
Renal Pelvis
Funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter
Minor calyces – Cup-shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae
Major calyces – Areas that collect urine from minor calyces – Empty urine into renal pelvis
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Proteases
for proteins, and is secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
Amylase
for carbohydrates
Lipase
for lipids
Nucleases
for nucleic acid
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Carbohydrate Digestion
Site of Action: Mouth & Small Intestine
Enzymes and Sources: Salivary Amylase, Pancreatic Amylase, & Brush border enzymes in small intestine
Protein Digestion
Site of Action: Stomach & Small Intestine
Enzymes and Sources: Pepsin, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, & dipeptidase
Fat Digestion
Site of Action: Mouth, Stomach, & Small Intestine
Enzymes and Sources: Lingual lipase, Gastric Lipase, & Pancreatic Lipases
Nucleic Acid Digestion
Site of Action: Small Intestine
Enzymes and Sources: Pancreatic Ribonuclease, Deoxyribonuclease, Nucleosidases, & Phosphatases
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Muscularis
externa
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
Oblique layer
Mucosa layer
Secrete two-layer coat of alkaline mucus
Surface layer traps bicarbonate-rich fluid layer that is beneath it
Tunic layer that lines lumen
Submucosa
Thick layer of bicarbonate-rich mucus
Consists of areolar connective tissu
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
Mesentery
double layer of peritoneum; layers are fused back to back
Serosa
Outermost layer, which is made up of the visceral peritoneum
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephrons
structural and functional units that form urine in the kidneys
180 L of fluid processed daily, but only 1.5 L of urine is formed
Kidneys filter body’s entire plasma volume 60 times each day
Consume 20–25% of oxygen used by body at rest
Filtrate (produced by glomerular filtration) is basically blood plasma minus proteins
Urine is produced from filtrate
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
Glomerular capsule
Also called Bowman’s capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding
glomerulus
Renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border
Nephron loop
Formerly called loop of Henle – U-shaped structure consisting of two limbs
Distal convoluted tubule
Cuboidal cells with very few microvilli – Function more in secretion than reabsorption – Confined to cortex
Collecting Ducts
Principal cells
Sparse with short microvilli
– Maintain water and 𝑁𝑎+ balance
Intercalated cells
Cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli
– Two types of intercalated cells
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gall bladder
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus
Inflammatory bowel Disease
a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
Colon Disease
Polys Growth
Spastic Colon / IBS
Peptic Ulcers
sores that devleop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
Bladder Cancer
tumors in the bladder
Urinary Tract Infection UTI
abnormal growth of bacterial anywhere along the urinary tract combined with symptoms
Kidney Stones
kidney is ahrded with hard stones that is formed with hihg levels of minerals and salts in the urine
Digestive Process
Mechanical breakdown
Digestion
Propulsion
Absorption
Ingestion
Defecation
Deglutition (Swallowing)
Buccal phase:
The tongue presses against the hard palate, forcing the food bolus into the oropharynx.
The tongue blocks the mouth. The soft palate and its uvula rise, closing off the nasopharynx. The larynx rises so that the epiglottis blocks the trachea.
The constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract, forcing food into the esophagus inferiorly. The upper esophageal sphincter contracts after food enters.
Peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach.
The gastroesophagealsphincter surrounding the cardial orifice opens.
Types of Gland Cells
Mucous neck cells
Secrete thin, acidic mucus of unknown function
Parietal cells
Secrete HCI and Intrinsic factor
Chief cells
Secrete Pepsinogen and Lipase
Enteroendocrine cells
Secrete chemical messengers into lamina propria
Peristaltic waves in the stomach
Grinding: The most vigorous peristalsis and mixing action occur close to the pylorus. The pyloric end of the stomach acts as a pump that delivers small amounts of chyme into the duodenum
Retropulsion: The peristaltic wave closes the pyloric valve, forcing most of the contents of the pylorus backward into the stomach.
Propulsion: Peristaltic waves move from the fundus toward the pylorus.
Blood and Nerve Supply
Arterial Flow
enal →segmental →interlobar →arcuate →cortical radiate
Venous Flow
cortical radiate →arcuate →interlobar →renal veins
Renal Processes
Tubular Reabsorption
quickly reclaims most of tubular contents and returns them
to blood
Includes active and passive tubular reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
eabsorption in reverse
Selected substances are moved from peritublar capillaries through tubule cells out into
filtrate
Occurs almost completely in PCT
Glomerular Filtration
Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane
into glomerular capsule
No reabsorption into capillaries of glomerulus occurs