Digestive & Urinary System Yoselin Orozco Madrigal Period 6 Honors Anatomy

Disorders of Digestive & Urinary Systems:

Nephron Anatomy & Physiology:

Major Functions of Urinary System: is to maintain the body's internal environment by regulating total water volume, regulating ions, ensuring acid - base balance.

Major Organs of Digestive System:

Location Of Digestive & Absorption of each Macromolecule:

Layers of GI tract:

Major Organs of Urinary System:

Digestive Enzymes (name & function):

Major Functions of Digestive System: take in food, break down food into nutrients, absorb molecules, & rid body of indigestive remains

Alimentary Canal: a muscular tube that runs from mouth to anus that digests food, and absorbs fragments through lining into blood. Organs include mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine & anus

Digestive Process:

Ingestion: eating

Propulsion: movement of food through alimentary canal including PERISTALSIS - involves alimentary waves of contraction & relaxation

Mechanical Breakdown: includes chewing, mixing of food & saliva & SEGMENTATION - intestine that mixes food w/ digestive organ

Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances

Digestion: Catabollic steps that involves enzyme that break down complex food molecules into building blocks

Absorption: passage of digested fragments that go into blood & lymph

Accessory Digestive Organs:

Digestive Glands:

Mouth & Associated Organs:

Salivary Glands: cleanses mouth, dissolves food, and moistens food into bolus. also beginning breakdown of starch w/ enzyme amylase

Liver: produces bile and is the largest glans in liver with 4 lobes

Pancreas: neutralizes stomach acid & creates enzymes to digest

Tongue: occupies floor of mouth while gripping, repositioning & mixing food during chewing. Also produces bolus

Gallbladder: storage of bile by absorbing water & ions

Teeth: for mastication which is the process of chewing. Teeth lie in sockets of gum - covered margins of mandible & maxilla

Mouth: were food is chewed & mixed w/ enzymes. These enzymes contain saliva, that processes digestion, & swallowing is initiated

Submucosa: under mucosa abundant elastic tissue to keep organs in shape after a large meal

Muscularis Extrema: muscle layer responsible for segmentation & peristalsis ( For movement of food )

Mucosa: Tunic layer that secretes digestive enzymes & hormones, absorbs products of digestion & protects against infectious disease

Serosa: outermost layer ( keeps organs closed )

Esophagus: runs from laryngopharynx to stomach

Pharynx: allows passage of food, fluids & air

Stomach: temporary storage tank that starts chemical break down of protein digestion. Converts bolus of food into chyme

Small Intestine: the major organ of digestion & absorption

Large Intestine: reabsorbs water, vitamins, & electrolytes and propulsion of feces to anus

Jejunum: attached posteriorly by mesentery

Ileum: joins large intestine at ileocecal valve

Duodenum: curves around head of pancreas

Lipase: for lipids

Nuclease: for nucleic acids

Amylase: for carbohydrates

Protease: for protein- for self digestion

Digestion: Chyme from stomach partially digest carbohydrates, proteins, & undigested fats

Absorption: active absorption of glucose & amino acids coupled with sodium

Submucosa: areola connective tissue with elastic tus

Serosa: outermost layer made up visceral periotneum

Musosa: has tunic layers that line lumen. Secretes mucus,enzymes & hormones

Ureters: transports urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

Urinary Bladder: storage to urine

Kidney: filters waste out of blood!! regulates water volume, regulates ions, regulates blood pressure, and balances minerals & chemicals

Urethra: transports urine out of body

Pelvis: funnel shaped tube continuous to ureter

Medulla: deep to cortex with a cone shaped figure

Cortex: outermost layer

Urinalysis: were urine is examined for signs of diseases

Bladder Cancer: body cells grown out of control most cancer from a lump called a tumor organ growth

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): abdominal growth of bacteria along urinary tract

Kidney Stones: urine contains many dissolved minerals & salts

Cholecystitis: an inflammation of the bladder

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): intestinal condition that causes inflammation in digestive tract includes cronn's disease & ulcerative

Gastroesphageal Reflux Disease (GERD): disease that occurs when esophageal spincter relaxes allowing the contents of the stomach to move to esophagus

Colon disease: colorectal cancer uncontrolled cell growth in colon

Peptic Ulcers: sores that develop in lining of the stomach or doudenum

Descending Limb: thin limb

Nephron Loop: consists of descending and ascending limb

Proximal Convoluted Tubule: allows for reabsorption & secretion

Glomerular Capsule: surrounds glomerulus & allows filtrate from glomerulus to pass into capsular space

Ascending Limb: thick limb

Glomerulus: allows for filtrate formation. Filtrate is plasma derived fluid tubules that process to form urine

Distal Convoluted Tubule: functions for secretion rather than absorption

Collecting Duct: delivers urine through principal & intercalated cells