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Concept map: 12 Digestive and Urinary system …
Concept map: 12 Digestive and Urinary system Viriahelyn Calvillo P:6
Major functions of the urinary system
kidneys are also included in the urinary system:
-regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
-regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (EFC)
ensuring long-term acid bade balance
excreting metabolic waste, toxins, and drugs
producing erythropotien
activating vitamin C
-carrying out gluconeogensis, if needed
chemical composition
95% water and 5% solutes
Nitrogenous wastes
urea (from amino acid breakdown): largest solute component
uric acid (from nucleic acid metabolism)
creatinine
Other solutes found in urine: Na+, K+, etc
abnormally high concentrations of any constituent , or abnormal components such as blood proteins, WBC's, and bile pigments, may indicate pathology
Major functions of the digestive system:
Main functions of the digestive system
– Take in food
– Break it down into nutrient molecules
– Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
– Rid body of any indigestible remains
Major organs of the digestive system
Teeth
▪ Tongue
▪ Gallbladder
▪ Digestive glands: produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs
– Salivary glands
– Liver
• Gross anatomy of the liver
– Largest gland in body; weighs ~3 lbs
– Consists of four primary lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate
– Bile ducts
▪ Common hepatic duct leaves liver
▪ Cystic duct connects to gallbladder
▪ Bile duct formed by union of common hepatic and cystic ducts
– Pancreas
Major organs of the urinary system
Ureters:
transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder
slender tubes that convey urine from kidney to bladder
enter base of the bladder through posterior wall
as bladder pressure increases, distal ends of uterus close, preventing back flow to urine
Urinary bladder:
temporary storage reservoir for urine
muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
retroperotoneal, on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis
males: prostate inferior to bladder neck
female:anterior to vagina and uterus
urine storage capacity:
collapses when empty
rugae appear
expands and rises superiorly during filling w/ out significant rise in internal pressure
moderately full bladder is 12cm long and can hold 500 ml
which can hold twice the amount if necessary but can burst if overdistended
Urethra:
transports urine out of body
muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Nephrons:
are the structural and functional units that form urine in the kidneys
1 million per kidney
2 main parts: renal and renal tubul
– Filtrate: plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
– Also called Bowman’s capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding
▪ Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
▪ Visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial
– Extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement
– Filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into
Digestive enzymes
– Proteases (for proteins): secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
– Amylase (for carbohydrates)
– Lipases (for lipids)
– Nucleases (for nucleic acids)
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromelcule
Processing of food involves six essential activities:
Ingestion: eating
Propulsion: movement of food through the alimentary canal, which includes:
▪ Swallowing
▪ Peristalsis: major means of propulsion of food that involves waves of contraction and relaxation
Mechanical breakdown: includes chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning
▪ Segmentation: local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive
4.) Digestion: series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
Absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood
Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces
Digestive process in the small intestine
Motility of the small intestine
– After a meal
▪ Segmentation is most common motion of small intestine
– Initiated by intrinsic pacemaker cells
– Mixes/moves contents toward ileocecal valve
– Intensity is altered by long and short reflexes and hormones
• Parasympathetic increases motility; sympathetic decreases it
Layers of GI tract
s of the digestive system fall into two groups:
Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract or gut)
▪ Continuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to anus
▪ Digests food: breaks down into smaller fragments
▪ Absorbs fragments through lining into blood
▪ Organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
anus
Nephron Anatomy and physiology
Nephrons are the structural and functional units that forms urine in the Kidneys
• > 1 million per kidney
• Two main parts
– Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
– Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
▪ Highly porous capillaries
▪ Allows for efficient filtrate formation
– Filtrate: plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
Glomerular capsule
– Also called Bowman’s capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Consists of two layers
▪ Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
▪ Visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial
– Extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement
membrane
– Filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into
capsular space
– Renal tubule
Renal tubule is about 3 cm (1.2 in.) long
• Consists of single layer of epithelial cells, but each region has its own unique histology and function
Three major parts
Proximal convoluted tubule
▪ Proximal, closest to renal corpuscle
Nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
▪ Distal, farthest from renal corpuscle
• Distal convoluted tubule drains into collecting duct
Disorders of the digestive and urinary system
Urinalysis
Urinalysis: urine is examined for signs of disease
– Can also be used to test for illegal substances
• Assessing renal function requires both blood and urine examination
– Example: renal function can be assessed by measuring nitrogenous wastes
in blood only
– To determine renal clearance, both blood and urine are required
Gastroesophageal Reflux disease
-esophagus sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus
Causes: pregnancy , smoking, asthma
Symptoms: chest pain, heartburn, acid reflux
Treatment: surgery, prescription medication, pepcid AC
Inflammatory Disease:
Chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
causes: unknown but maybe genetics, environmental immune
symptoms: abdominal pain, fever, loss of apetite
treatment: medication, surgery, antibiotics
Peptic Ulcers:
sores that develop in the lining of stomach or duodenum
causes: stress, smoking, alcohol abuse
symptoms: heartburn, nausea, vomitting
treatment: endoscopic surgery, lifestyle change, and medication
Bladder Cancer
body grows cells out of control and it causes tumors
causes: smoking, cancer drugs, radiation
Symptoms:back pain, pain in the abdomain, pain when urinating
Treatment: drink lots of water, balanced diet, medication/kemo
Urinary Tract infection
common in women, abnormal growth of bacteria along the urinary track combined with symptoms
causes: sexually active, pregnant women, women with diabetes or other health condition
Kidney stones
when urine has high levels of minerals and salts, and stones can form they can be either silent or painful.
causes: calcium in urine, overweight, chronic diarrhea
symptoms: burning feeling, intense need to urinate, and sharp cramping pain in the back side
treament: medication, surgery, or pass by itself
Cholecytitis: inflammation of the gallbaldder
causes: age, diet, and digestive tumors
symptoms: fever, chills, and bloating
fasting, medication, antibiotics