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Digestive/Urinary System- Brianna Mayorga p.6 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive/Urinary System- Brianna Mayorga p.6
Major Functions of the Digestive System
To take in food
Break down food into nutrient molecules
To absorb molecules into the bloodstream
To rid body of any indigestible remains
Major Functions of the Urinary System
Urinary functions
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing erythropoietin (regulates blood pressure RBC)
Activating vitamin D
Carrying out gluconeogenesis,
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Accessory organs : teeth, tongue, gallbladder
Digestive glands : salivary glands, liver, pancreas
Major Organs of the Urinary System
Kidneys : regulates water volume and total solute volume; also excretes metabolic wastes, toxins and drugs in the form of urine
Urinary bladder : serves as a temporary storage for urine
Ureters : transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urethra : transports urine out of the body from the urinary bladder
Digestive Enzymes ( Names & Functions)
Proteases: for proteins; secreted in inactive form to help prevent self-digestion
Amylase: for carbohydrates; breakdown of starch
Pepsin: breaks down proteins into larger peptides
Trypsin: continues breakdown of protein
Lipase: breaks down fat
Lipase: breaks down fat
Maltase: breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides
Peptidase: breaks down dipeptides into amino acids
Location of Digestion & Absorption of each Macromolecule
Carbohydrate digestion: in mouth and small intestine
All monosaccharides leave epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion and enter the capillary blood in the villi and then transported to the liver
Protein digestion: in stomach and small intestine
Amino acids leave the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion, into the capillary blood in villi then transported to the liver via hepatic portal vein
Fat digestion: in mouth, stomach, & small intestine
Fatty acids enter intestinal cells; then transported into the systemic circulation via lymph in thoracic duct; then absorbed into capillary blood in villi by diffusion; then transported to the liver via hepatic portal vein
Nucleic acid digestion: in small intestine
Units enter intestinal cells by active transport and via membrane carriers; absorbed into the capillary blood in villi and transported to liver via hepatic portal vein
Layers of the GI Tract
Mucosa
tunic layer which lines lumen; functions: secreting mucus, absorbing end products of digestion, protecting against infections
Submucosa
areolar connective tissue; blood & lymphatic vessels; has abundant amount of elastic tissues
Muscularis externa
muscle layer responsible for segmentation & peristalsis; inner circular muscle layer & outer longitudinal layers
Serosa
outermost layer; made up of visceral peritoneum
Nephron Anatomy & Physiology
Nephrons : structural and functional units that forms urine
2 Main Parts: Renal Corpuscle & Renal Tubule
Renal Corpuscle : 2 major parts
Glomerulus: capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium; highly porous capillaries
Glomerular capsule : also known as Bowman's capsule; hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Parietal layer : simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer : clings to glomerular capillaries
Renal Tubule : 3 major parts
Proximal convoluted tubule : cuboidal cells with dense microvilli; functions in reabsorption and secretion
Nephron loop : u shaped structure consisting two limbs (descending & ascending limb)
Distal convoluted tubule : cuboidal cells with few microvilli; secretion and reabsorption
Disorders of Digestive/Urinary Systems
Gut health: influences body weight, susceptibility to various diseases ( diabetes and fatty liver), and our moods
Urinalysis: examination of urine for diseases; sometimes urine and blood are requires for testing, like for example, renal function can be assessed by measuring nitrogenous wastes in blood only
Cholecystisis: inflammation in gallbladder which is treated by fasting, antibiotics, and medication
GERD occurs when esophageal sphincter relaxes which allows content back into esophagus
IBD causes inflammation in digestive tract which is treated by medications, antibodies, and fluids
Kidney stones are clumps of high lvls of minerals and salts in urine which is treated by ureteroscopy