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Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System
Major functions of the digestive system
Mechanical: large pieces into smaller ones
Chemical: large nutrient molecules into smaller ones by breaking chemical bonds
Break down food to absorb the nutrients of it and excrete the waste from it
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Salivary Gland (source)
Salivary gland; Begin carbs digestion breaking starch to disaccharides
Intestinal Mucosal Cells(source)
Surcase, Maltase, Lactase: break disaccharides to monosaccharides
Intestinal Lipase: Breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Peptidase: Break peptides to amino acids
Enterokinase: Breaks trypsinogen to trypsin
Gastric chief cells(source)
Pepsin: Begins protein digestion
Pancreas (source)
Pancreatic Lipase: Break fats into fatty acids & glyceral
Proteolytic enzymes (which include trypsin, chymotrypsin, & carboxypepridase): that break proteins into peptides
Pancreatic amylase: Break Starch to disaccharides
Nucleases: Break nucleic acids to nucleotides
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Muscularis:
Characteristics: 2 layers of smooth muscle(inner citcular & Longitudinal layer)
Function: Propels food
Submucosa
Characteristics: Under mucosa, Ct tissue
Function:nourish surrounding layers of the canal. Vessels for absorption of nutrients away from digestive organs. Contain blood, lymph vessel, nerves, and glands.
Serosa
Characteristics: Outer layer (visceral peritoneum)
Function: Protect surrounding tissue, and make serous fluid to reduce friction
Mucosa
Characteristics: Inner layer wall, mucous membrane surrounding the tube, epithelium, CT, smooth muscle tissue, and have increase surface area
Function: Protect tissues of the canal, carries secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients
Layers In Stomach:
Body Region: main portion of the stomach
Fundus: round superior to cardia
Pylorus: near small intestine
Pyloric canal: area close to small I
Pyloric sphincter: at the end, with muscular ring that controls the release of food from stomach to Small I
Cardia: small region opening to the esophagus
Major organs of the urinary systems
Renal Vein
Function: take blood from Inferior vena cava to the kidney to be filtrated
Location: right kidney
Urethra
Function: excrete waste from the body that contains an internal urethral sphincter(smooth muscle), and external urethral sphincter(skeletal muscle)
Location: attached to the bladder
Renal Arter
Function: take blood from arota to be filter in the kidney
Location: left kidney
Urinary Bladder
Function: Stores the urine
Location: inferior to ureter
inferior Vena Cava
Function; take blood to the heart
Location: right kidney
Ureter
Function: transport urine from kidney to bladder
Location; inferior to kidney
Aorta
Function: take blood through out the body
Location; left kidney
Kidney
Structure; Renal Medulla: cone shape. Renal Cortex: have round structures called renal corpuscles which are part of the functional unit of the kidney the nephrones
Location: lateral sides of the body
Function: reg volume, composition, and Ph of body fluid. Remove waste from blood forming the urine. Help control the rate RBC form
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Urinary
Urinary Tract
Symptoms: Burning urination, pain in pelvis area, fever/chills
Treatment: Antibiotic pills, medication
Cause: Bacteria in UI, People sexually active, diabetes
Description: Abnormal growth of bacteria in UI tract
Kidney Stones
Symptoms: burning urination, more urination, sharp pain
Treatment: Surgery, pee it out, medication
Cause: too much minerals in blood, Uric acid in blood, cysteine build up,
Fact: Most common kidney stone is calcium stones
Description: stone of minerals & salt in urination tract
Bladder Cancer
Symptoms: Blood in urine, back pain, pain when urinating
Treatment: Radiation, life change, change in diet
Cause: smoking, chems, cancer drugs
Fact: Blood in urine should cause concern because it doesn't happen in men, and in women it is only certain times of the month.
Description: Cells growth at a rapid rate
Digestive
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Symptoms: Abdominal pain, anemia, loss of appetite
Treatment: Antibodies, Surgery, change of diet
Cause: Unknown, Genetics
Fact: About 134 more surgeries of them in 2007 than 2001
Description: Chronic complex conditions that cause inflammation in digestive tract. Crohn disease & Ulcerative colitls.
Peptic Ulcers
Symptoms: Heartburn, bloody vomit, severe chest pain
Treatment: Life change, medication, surgery
Cause: Smoking, alcohol, imbalance in gastric juice
Fact: Women 65 or older at most risk
Description:Sores in stomach or duodenum
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Symptoms: Chest pain, Dry cough, sour taste
Treatment: Surgery, prescription Medication, over the counter medication
Cause: acid reflex, weakened esophageal, obesity
Fact: US, Canada, and Some parts of Europe spend the most time on the research of GERD
Description: Chronic disease that occurs when esophageal sphincter reflex allows stomach contact to esophagus
Colon Diseases
Spastic colon
Symptoms: Abdominal pain, cramping, constipation
Treatment: Diet change, life change, medication
Cause: Diet, stress, Hormonal
Description: abnormal abdominal conditions
Hemorrhoids Colon
Symptoms: Anal pain, rectal bleeding, lump near anus
Treatment: Surgical removal, injections, & medications
Cause: obesity, pregnancy, anal sex
Description: Inflamed veins in rectum or anus
Fact: The region in the US with the highest rate is in the Mid East
Cholecystitis
Symptoms: Sweating, fever, tender abdomen, etc.
Treatment: Fasting, antibodies, medication
Cause: Blockage by gall bladder, digestive tumor, Blockage of bile, etc.
Fact: About 300 more cholecystectomy surgeries in 2007 than 1998.
Description: Inflammation of the gall bladder
Nephron anatomy and physiology
anatomy
Descending Limb(Part of nehron loop): reabsorption occurs
Ascending Limb(Part of nehron loop): reabsorption occurs
Prox Convoluted tubule: Most of the re absorption like glucose amino acid, & water. With microvilli to increase the surface area for the reabsorption to occur
Distal Convoluted Tubule: reabsorption occurs
Glomerular capsule: Hold the glomerulus
Collecting duct: After all the absorption the rest is secreted here to be moved to the rest of the UI tract
Glomerulus: receives the blood to start filtration
Physiology: produce the urine by cleaning the blood stream by glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, then tubular secreation. This process happens inside the kidney
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Macro nutrients
Lipids
Lipids are regulated and absorbed in the liver by converting fatty acids into triglycerides etc.
Subs: fats, oils, phospholipids, & cholesterol
Function: energy for cellular process, build structures like membranes, &synthesize certain hormones
Lipoproteins
LDL(low dens lipoproteins); large amount of cholesterol to be used to make bile, cell membranes, etc.
HDL(high dense lipoprotein);large amount of protein
Protein
The protein we eat is broken down and absorbed in the small intestines
dietary proteins supply essential amino acids w/ nitrogen to be used to make nonessential amino acids
Functions; varies it can be used for enzymes, hormones, antibodies, etc
Carbs
Absorption of this starts in the mouth when the salivary glands produce saliva which have an amselye to break down starch to be converted to energy later
Source: grain, meats, milk/sugars, & fruits/ honey
Function: used as energy source for the body
Micro nutrients
Vitamins
Fat-souble
This includes vitamins A,DE,&K
D: helps absorb calcium and phosphorus
E: Prevents oxidation
A: need to make visual pigment, mucoproteins, and development of bones and teeth
K: to make prothrombinto help with blood clotting
Dissolve in fats and influenced by same lipid absorption
Water soluble
Vitamins include: B and C
B: needed for normal cellular metabolism in the oxidation of carbs, lipids, and proteins
C: needed to produce collagen, the metabolism of certain amino acids, iron absorption, and to make cholesterol
Not stored in body
Function: other molecules the body needs that the body doesn't produce
Minerals
Characteristics: small parts of other systems like muscle contraction, pH maintance, etc
Major minerals
Sulfur: essential for amino acids and other molecules
Sodium: Helps osmotic pressure, helps reg water,etc
Potassium: reg Ph and osmotic pressure, and needed or impulse conduction of neurons
Chlorine: same as above but also helps transport CO2 and RBC
Phosphorus: all metabolic reactions
Magnesium: needed for metabolic reactions in mitochondria
Calcium: needed for neutrotransmitter release, muscle contractions, etc.
Function: elements that are essential to metabolism
Major functions of the urinary system
Regulates pH and body fluid volume
Helps RBC productions levels and blood pressure levels
Filter salts and water from blood to maintain normal electrolytes and water levels
Major organs of the digestive system
Accessory organs
Gallbladder
Function; stores bile, and reabsorb water to concentrate the bile
Location; connects to the liver and to the pancreas to be released to the small I.
Liver
Function: responsible for metabolic activities of carbs, lipids, and proteins. Stores glycogen, vitamins, and iron. Filter blood and make bile which break large fat globules into smaller ones
Location: to the right of the stomach
Salivary Glands
Function: make saliva to dissolve food particles, start digesting carbs by amylase breaking down starch to disaccharides, and aid in taste
Location: Within your face
Pancreas
Produce pancreatic juice that digest carbs, fats, protein, and nucleic acids
Location: behind stomach
Alimentary canal (digestive tract)
Small Intestines
Parts: Duodenum; shortest, Jejunum; most active in digestion, and ileum distal end
Location; Inferior to stomach
Function: receive chyme & pancreatic juice & bile, finish digestion of nutrients, absorb digestive end products, and transport rest to large intestine
Stomach
Parts: Cardia(1st), Fundus, Body region, & Pylorus (Pylorus canal & Pyloric sphincter)
Location: posterior to esophagus and superior to Small/ Large I
Function: Receive food to begin protein digestion from food that is mixed with gastric juice, then moved to small I called chyme. Also H20, certain salts, alcohol, and some lipid-soluble drugs
Large Intestines
Parts: Cecum , colon, and rectum and anal canal
Location; it surrounds the small I
Function: Absorb water and electrolytes and forms and have bacteria (intestinal flora) to make vitamins for the body
Esophagus
Location: posterior to pharynx
Function: tube leading from pharynx to stomach
Rectum
Function: regulates and stores feces
Location: end of the Large I
Pharynx(throat)
Location: Posterior to mouth
Function: tube to connect to the esophagus
Characteristics: NasoP; top potion for air, OroP; mid portion for food and air that is apart of digestive tract, and LaryngoP; bottom portion that leads to esophagus
Anus
Function: open outside the body to be removed
Location: inferior to rectum
Mouth
Function: receive food to start mechanical digestion by mastication(chewing). Begins starch and carbs digestion
Location: space btw teeth, cheeks, and lips (vestibule). This is the first portion of the alimentary canal
Alimentary Canal; Passes through thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities from mouth to anus. With the walls of Mucosa(inner), Submucosa; nourishes the surrounding layer, muscularis which propels food, and finally serosa (outer layer)