Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Digestive and Urinary - eternity v period 6 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive and Urinary - eternity v period 6
Function of Urinary System
create urine as a waste by-product
maintains the balance of chemicals and water in the body
cleans up the blood
produces, stores, and eliminates urine
Function of Digestive System
Take in food
break down food into nutrient molecules
absorb molecules into the bloodstream
rid body of any indigestible remains
Digestive Organs
Alimentary Canal
aka: gastrointestinal/ Gi Tract/ Gut
continuous tube that runs from the
mouth to anus
Function: breaks down food into smaller fragments
Organs it involves
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large intestine
anus
Digestive Accessory Organs
Teeth
Tongue
Gallbladder
digestive glands: produce secretion that helps break down foodstuff
glands: Salivary Glands, Pancreas, and Liver
Digestive Enzymes
Amylase
Function: digest carbohydrate. Breaks down starch into sugars
Location: salivary glands and pancreas
Maltase
Function: breaks down maltose (malt sugar) into glucose
Location: in small intestine
Lipase
Function: breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Location: mouth and stomach
Pepsin
Function: break down proteins into peptides; digests protein
Location: secreted/released by stomach
nucleases
Function: break apart the nucleotides
Layers of GI Tracts
Mucosa
lines lumen, INNERMOST LAYER
Functions:
secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
absorbs ends product of digestion
protects against infectious disease
Submucosa
under mucosa layers
contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles , and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract issues
Muscularis Externa
responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Serosa
OUTERMOST LAYER
made up visceral peritoneum
Nephron anatomy and physiology
forms urine in kidneys
2 parts
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
allows for efficient filtrate formation
filtrate: plasma derived fluid that renal tubules processes to forms urine
Glomerular Capsule
aka: Bowman's capsule: cup shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
two layers :
parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer: clings to glomercular capillaries
Renal Tubule
3 major parts:
Proximal convoluted tubule
functions in reabsorption and secretion
increases surface area
Nephron Loop
U shaped consisting of two limbs
Descending Loop:
Ascending Loop
Distal convoluted tubule:
function more in secretion
confined to cortex
Major organs of the urinary system
Kidneys
Functions
regulate total water volume and total solute concentration in water
regulate ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
ensure long term acid base balance
excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
produce erythroprotein and renin
activate vitamin D
carry out gluconeogenesis
ureters
function: convey urine from kidney to bladder
urinary bladder
function: temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra
function: drains urinary bladder; transports/convey urine out of body
3 regions of kidneys
Renal Cortex: granular appearing superficial region
Renal Medulla: deep to cortex, composed of cone shaped medullary (renal) pyramids
Renal Pelvis: funnel shaped tube continuous with ureter
Urine flow
renal pyramid, 2. minor calyx, 3. major clayx, 4. renal pelvis, 5. ureter
Blood and Nerve Supply
what kidneys do to blood: kidneys cleanse blood and adjust its composition, so it has a rich blood supply
Arterial Flow
renal -> segmental -> interlobar -> arculate -> cortical radiate
Venous Flow
cortical radiate -> arcuate -> interlobar -> renal veins
Disorders of Urinary System
urinalysis
urine is examined for signs of disease
can be used for testing of illegal substance use
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Digested: In the small intestine
Absorbed: in the small intestine
Lipids
Absorbed: In duodenum of small intestine
Digested: begins in mouth, continues in stomach and ends in the small intestine
Proteins
Digested: in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
Absorbed: In the small intestine
Disorders of the digestive systems
Cholecystitis
What it is: Inflammation of the gall bladder
Causes or Risk Factors
Diet
Gall Stones
Age
Symptoms: Nausea, Bloating, Fever
Treatment: Medication, Antibiotics, Fasting
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
What it is: the esophageal sphrincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back in the esophagus
Causes or risk factors
Frequent acid reflux
obesity
asthma
Symptoms: heartburn, sore throat, sour taste
treatment: surgery, prescription medication, over the counter medication
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
What it is: Causes inflammation in the digestive tract
cause or risk factors
genetics
environmental
immune
symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia
treatment: antibiotics, fluid replacement, surgery
Colon Diseases
Hemorrhoids
what it is: inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
causes or risk factors
obesity
anal intercourse
pregnancy
symptoms: Anal pain, Feces leakage, anal itching
treatment: surgical removal, injections, mediation
Colorectal Cancer
what it is: uncontrolled cell growth in the colon
causes or risk factors
heredity
radiation
surgical removal
symptoms: bloating, weight loss, pelvic pain
treatment: surgery, medication, radiation therapy
3 stages of urine production
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Disorders of the Urinary System
Bladder Cancer
what it is: body cells grow out of control
causes or risk factors
smoking
family history
cancer drugs
Symptoms: Hematuria (blood in the urine), frequent and urgent urination, back pain
treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
what it is: common in women. uncomfortable but not dangerous or life threatening
causes or risk factors
sexually active
pregnant women
women with diabetes or other health conditions
symptoms: burning with urination, pain or pressure in the lower pelvic area, fever and chills, back pain
Kidney stones
what it is: urine has high levels of minerals and salts. hard stones can form
causes or risk factors
high levels of minerals and salts
lack of water
high protein
symptoms: sharp, cramping pain in the back and side, intense need to urinate or urinating more often, burning feeling while urinating