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Andy Rico P.6 Digestive & Urinary System. - Coggle Diagram
Andy Rico P.6 Digestive & Urinary System.
Major functions of the digestive system
Break down food into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Take in food
Gets rid of indigestible (wastes ) remains
Major functions of the urinary system
Filter the blood
Create the urine and carry it out of your body
Get rid of waste in the body through the urine
Major organs of the digestive system
The organs that compose the digestive system will fall within two different subdivisions:
Accessory digestive organs
Tongue
Description: A mass of muscle covered in a mucous membrane located in the mouth
Function: The tongue is responsible for gripping, movement and manipulation of the food, it forms a structure known as the bolus ( combination of food and saliva), helps with swallowing, taste and speech.
Gallbladder
Description: A thin-walled muscular sac on the anterior portion of the liver
Function: Its function is to store the bile that is created in the liver
Teeth
Description: Structure found within the mouth attach to the its sockets in the gum covered margin. There are multiple classification of teeth according to its shape and has a similar structure
Classification
Canines
Fang like teeth that are able to pierce
Premolars
The broad crowns with rounded cusp that help with grinding
Incisors
Tooth with a chisel shape for cutting
Molars
Round cusps, broad crowns which are best for grinding
Structure
Neck
The connecting structure between the crown and the root
Root
The portion of the tooth embedded on the jaw
Crown
The above portion of the teeth, which is above the gums
Function: It function is to grind the food entering the mouth into smaller more digestible units
Digestive glands ( These glands will secrete specific fluids that will help with chemical digestion)
Liver
Description: The largest gland in the body and consist of 4 lobes, the right, left, caudate and quadrate and these bile ducts
Function: To process the nutrient absorbed from the small intestine as well as the production of bile.
Pancreas
Description: A gland in the body located in the abdomen
Function
Exocrine function: The production of pancreatic juice which is made up of alkaline solution, which is a base that will contradict the acidic chyme from the stomach, within the pancreatic juice there is multiple digestive enzyme
Endocrine function: The secretion of insulin
Salivary Glands
Description: Glands located in the mouth around the oral cavity. They have two types of secretory cells
Mucous cells: Produces mucous
Serous cells: Cells that produces a watery secretion, enzymes and ions
Function: The production of saliva which in on its own has there own set of functions.
Dissolves food by chemical taste
Moistens the food into a Bolus
Breakdowns carbohydrates through the enzyme of amylase
Cleanses the mouth
Alimentary Canal also reffed to as the GI tract or the gut.
Pharynx
Description: A hollow tube located towards the posterior part of the oral cavity. It is divided into three sections however only the sections of oropharynx and larygnopharynx are involved in the digestive process
Function: It allows for the passage of food, fluid and airs that is received from the mouth
Mouth ( Oral cavity)
Description: The mouth is also referred to as the oral cavity, it is lined with stratified squamos emipthelium
Function: Allows for the entrance of food into the body which will allow for the process of digestion to begin. In the mouth, mechanical digestion will also take place by grinding the food into smaller pieces.
Esophagus
Description: Hollow flat tube that contains multiple type of muscle that will collapse when there is no food begin passed. In addition, due to the esophagus passing near the heart has a gastroesophageal sphincter which will remain close if there is no food begin passed this way making sure that no acid is pushed back
Function: Its function is to pass the incoming food that it receives from pharynx and takes it down to the stomach
Stomach
Description: A muscular organ located on the left side of the abdomen which is full of stomach acids and enzymes that can expand based on the amount of food consumed. The stomach itself is divided into multiple regions and areas
Fundus
The dome shaped top portion of the stomach
Cardial Part
The part of the stomach that surrounds the cardial orifice
Body
The large midpoint of the stomach
Pyloric part
The part of the stomach that will connect to the small intestine, and will allow for the passage way of the chyme into the small intestine,this part of the stomach is divided into there own subdivision.
Pyloric antrum
It will regulate the passage of chyme into the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
It allows for the entrance of the chyme into the small intestine
Pyloric canal
Serves as a gateway to the passage of chyme into the small intestine
Greater curvature
The outer curve of the stomach, this is what gives it a J look
Lesser curvature
The inner curvature of the stomach, this gives it a J look
Function: The function of the stomach is as a temporary storage which will begin to chemically digest proteins. The food digested will be converted into what is known as chyme which will be allowed to enter the small intestine.
Small Intestine
Description: A long tube that begins in the pyloric sphincter and ends at the ileocecal valve. The small intestine itself is subdivided into three regions
Jejunum
Middle section of the small intestine found between the doudenum and ileum
Ileum
The last section of the small intestine which will connect to the large intestine in the ileocecal valve
Duodenum
The section of the small intestine which is connected to the stomach, this is were most of the features are present.
Vili
Finger like projections found within the small intestine that serve as a way to increase the surface area, within the vili there is also microvili
Function: The small intestine will begin to digest the incoming chyme both mechanically through the movements of peristalsis and segmentation in addition to chemical digestion for the breaking down and absorption of nutrients
Large intestine
Description: A long tube like organ that begins at the Ileocecal valve and ends at the anus. The large intestine itself has its own set of subdivision
Appendix
A mass of lymphoid tissue which functions as a container for bacteria that can be used to recolonize the bacteria that lives inside the large intestine
Colon
The colon itself has multiple subdivisions that will help with its function of carrying the feces towards the anus, absorb water and vitamines
Ascending colon
Part of the colon that will send the feces upwards
Transverse colon
Part of the colon that will move the feces across the abdominal cavity
Descending colon
Part of the colon that will move the feces downward in the left part of the abdominal cavity
Sigmoid Colon
The S shaped portion of the colon that can travel through the pelvis
Cecum
The first part of the large intestine
Rectum
Section of the large intestine that will allow for the accumulation of feces just before begin excreted, there is also 3 rectal valves that will allow the feces to pass through and get rid of gas
Anal Canal
The last segment of the large intestine that will open up to the anus. This canal has two sphincters
Internal anal sphincter: This sphincter is made out of smooth muscle
External anal sphincter: This sphincter is made out of skeletal muscle
Function: The function of the large intestine is to move the feces out of the body as well as absorption of water, vitamines and electrolytes
Anus
Description: The opening were the gastrointestinal tract ends and the feces will exit the body
Function: To expel the feces from the body
Major organs of the urinary systems
The Urinary system is a complex system that is made up of multiple organs that will help with the production and disposal of urine
Urinary Bladder
Description: A sac made out of muscle that can stretch as it gets fuller with urine, the urinary bladder position will be different depending on the sex of the person. The bladder is also able to collapse in on itself when it is empty, it can also expand twice its size if necessary, however too much expansion can cause it to burst.
Function: Its function is to serve as a temporary urinary storage
Urethra
Description: Tube made out of muscle that is connected to the urinary bladder, depending on the gender of the person, the urethra is located in different parts of the body
Function: The function is to transport the urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Ureter
Description: Pair of slender tubes that are connected to the kidneys and enter the bladder from the back wall. The ureters are able to close its ends in order to prevent the urine from back flowing
Function: There function is to transport the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Aorta
Description: Description:The main artery that will carry blood away from the heart and into the whole body. It connects to the kidney through a specific artery and will deposit blood with waste waiting for filtration
Renal Artery: Connection of the Aorta to the Kidneys
Function: The function of the Aorta is to supply the blood to the kidneys that will need filtering
Kidneys
Description: Pair of organs found in either side of the abdomen, which has three regions to it
Renal medulla: Under the cortex, it is made up of cone shape medullary (renal) pyramids, which are separated by renal columns, the tips of the pyramide are called the Papilla
Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney, it is funneled shape and connected to the ureter.Has two types of connections
Major calyces
The area that will collect the urine from the minor calyces and then empty it into the renal pelvis
Minor calyces
These are cuped shaped areas that will collect the urine coming from the
Renal cortex: The superficial region of the kidney that has a granular appearance
Function: The function of the kidneys is to filtrate the blood, gets rid of the waste in the blood and in the body, creates the urine, activates vitamine D in the body, produces erythropoietin (Protein that regulates blood pressure)
Inferior Vena Cava
Description: Large blood vessel in charge of taking blood to the heart. It will take the filtrated blood from the kidneys through a specific vein
Renal Vein: The vein that connects the kidney to the Inferior Vena Cava
Function: The function of the Inferior Vena Cava is to take the filter blood from the kidneys to the heart and for eventual distribution.
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
The Digestive system has a series of multiple enzymes that will help with chemical digestion of the entering food.
Amylase
Function: This enzyme is produced by both the salivary glands and the pancreas. Its function is to break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Lipases
Function: The enzyme of lipase will be produced by the pancreas, its function is to break down fats found in the food so it can later be absorbed in the intestine
Proteases
Function: The breakdown of proteins and polypeptide that are found in the food
Nucleases
Function: This enzyme is produced by the pancrease and it is function is to breake down nucleic acids down into nucleotides
Pepsin
Function: The enzyme is produced by the stomach. Its function is to breake down protein into amino acids.
Pancreatic
enzymes
carboxypeptidase
Function: Function is to release C terminal amino acid from a protein
aminopeptidase
Function: Helps with the digestion of proteins
dipeptidase
Function: The breaking of proteins into simpler amino acid
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
The food that enters are body is composed of all the macromolecules are body needs in order to properly function, however although it might seem that they are all broken down in the stomach this is not the case, depending on the macromolecule, there is a different location of digestion and absorption.
Lipids
Digestion: Lipids will be mechanically chemically digested in the small intestine but begins in the mouth as lipase is released with the saliva and will later on further be digested in the small intestine using the same enzyme.
Absorption: Lipids are absorbed in the small intestine
Carbohydrates
Digestion: The chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins at the mouth, by the digestive enzyme amylase which is released by the salivary glands, this chemical breakdown will continue in the small intestine were amylase is still present thanks to the pancreas secretion
Absorption: The absorption of carbohydrates will occur in the small intestine
Protein
Chemical Digestion of protein begins in the stomach, as it begins to break down thanks to the pepsin enzyme, and in the small intestine (Duodenum) using the enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin which are released by the pancreas
Absorption: Despite protein begin digested in multiple parts of the digestive system, it is absorbed in the small intestine
Nucleic acids
Digestion: The chemical digestion of the nucleic acids occurs in the small intestine by using the digestive enzyme nuclease that is produced by the pancreas
Absorption: The absorption of the nucleic acids will occur in the small intestine
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Layers of the stomach
The stomach contains all the 4 layers the rest of the GI tract contains however the muscularis and the mucosa are slightly modified to accommodate other aspects of the stomach
Mucosa layer (In the stomach)
The Mucosa layer is modified as well, this layer is composed of a simple columnar epithelium in addition to containing gastric pits that will lead to gastric glands that can produce gastric juice.
Muscularis Externa (In the stomach)
The muscularis externa in the stomach will have a circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers. This layer will also have an additional layer known as the oblique (Diagonal) layer. The combination of these two layers will allow the smooth muscle to move and mix and pummel the chyme allowing for a more efficient breakdown
Layers of the GI Tracts
Submucosa
The second innermost layer of the GI tract, it is made out of areolar connective tissue, this layer will contain blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. The function of this layer is to help the organs regain there shape after a big meal due to its elastic properties
Muscularis externa
Third innermost layer of the GI tract, this layer is made out of striated muscle. This layer is responsible with helping for the movement of the food, bolus and chyme, through the movement of peristalsis and segmentation
Mucosa
The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract, it will line the lumen of the tract. Its functions is to secrete mucous, in addition to digestive enzymes and hormones as well as absorbing the nutrients and vitamines after the digestion, in addition to protecting against any infections
Serosa
The outer most layer of the GI tract, this layer is made out of visceral peritoneum. Its function is to protect the organs the serosa is surrounding
Nephron anatomy and physiology
The nephron is known as the functional unit of the kidneys which is responsible for forming the urine. The nephron is divided into two main parts
Renal tubule
The Renal tube is composed of a single layer of epithelial cells, which are divided into 3 major regions
Nephron loop ( also known as the loop of Helen)
Description: A U shaped structure which consist of two different limbs
Descending limb: The first part of the nephron loop, is composed of a thin layer of simple squamos epithelium
Ascending limb: The ascending limb is thicker than the descending as it is composed of cubodial or columnar cells
Function: Its function is to reabsorb water and sodium chloride from the filtrate which will create a gradient for the urine concentration
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Description: The furthest convoluted tube from the renal corpuscl, it is composed of cuboidal cells with little microvilli, this will be confined to the cortex
Function: Its function is to secrete different materials such as water and ions in order to regulate extracellular fluids and electrolyte homeostasis , it will deposit the substance into the collecting ducts.
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Description: The closest convoluted tube to the renal corpuscle, composed of cubodial cells with dense microvili that forms brush borders, thsi way allowing for the increase of surface area and larger mitochondria, this structure is confined to the cortex
Function: The function of the PCT is to reabsorb most of the filtrated substances in order to maintain homeostasis
Renal corpuscle
The renal corpuscle is divided into two different parts
Glomerular capsule (also known as Bowman’s capsule)
Description: It is a hollow cup shaped structure that is composed of two layers
Visceral layer: Layer that is attached to the glomerular capsule and it is composed of branching epithelial podocytes
Parietal layer: Layer made out of simple squamous epithelium
Function: To surround the glomerulus and aid with the filtration of blood
Glomerulus
Description: A cluster of capillaries which are highly porus, composed of differentiated epithelial cells
Function: The function of the glomerulus is to filtrate the blood, and get rid of any waste
Collecting ducts
Description: It is a twisted tube that is located at the end of the nephron which contains two different type of cells
Principal cells: This cell is sparsed with a high amount of microvili and will maintain water and Na+ balance
Intercalated cells: Composed of cubodial cells with abundant micorvili there is two types, A and B but they both help with maintaining the acid balance in the blood
Function: It collects the urine from multiple nephrons and will move it into the renal pelivis and into the ureters
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Urinary System disorders
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Treatment:The treatment for this infection is Urine sterilization pills, antibiotics and probiotics
Symptoms:
Burning sensation when urinating
Pressure in the pelvic region
Frequent urination
Description: Abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract. This is caused by sexual activity, menopause and diabetes
Kidney Stones
Treatment: The treatment for this disease is medication, waiting for the stones to pass and surgery
Symptoms
Sharp cramps and pain
Burning sensation when urinating
Intense need to urinate
Description: When the urine has high levels of minerals and salts, hard stones are formed. This is caused by high levels of slat and minerals, lack of water and high consumption of proteins
Bladder Cancer
Treatment: This disease is treated with chemotherapy, surgery or radiation therapy
Description: Development of tumors in the urinary bladder. This disease can be caused by smoking, radiation and exposure to "Cancer drugs".
Symptoms:
Pain when urinating
Frequent urination
Blood in urine
Digestive system disorders
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Symptoms
Chest Pain
Heart Burn
Dry Cough
Treatment: This disease is treated through prescription medication, surgery or some over the counter medications
Description: A chronic disease that occurs when the esophagus sphincter relaxes and allows for the contents of the stomach to go back into the esophagus. The causes for GERD are frequent acid reflex, obesity and diabetes.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Symptoms
Abdominal Pain
Loss of appetite
Cramping
Treatment: The treatment for this disease are through medication, antibiotics and surgery
Description: A chronic intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract. There is no confirm causes however some possibilities are: Gentics, Enviorment and possible defective immune system
Cholecystitis
Symptoms
Vomiting
Bloating
Tender Abdomen
Treatment: Treatment for this disease will be medication, the usage of antibiotics and fasting
Description: The inflammation of the gallbladder. This is caused due to gallstones, the persons age also possible digestive tumors
Colon Disease
Hemroids
Symptoms
Anal itching
Swelling around the anus
Anal Pain
Treatment: There are multiple treatments for this disease, treatments such as medication, surgical removal or injections
Description: They are inflamed veins found in the rectum or the anus. They can be caused by a variety of factors such as obesity, chronic diarrhea or even pregnancy
Polypus Growth
Treatment: There are multiple ways to treat this growths, they can be treated through surgical removal, Diet administration, or through a colonoscopy technique referred to as endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
Symptoms
Changes in bowl movement
Blood in the stool
Diarrhea
Description: A growth in the inner lining of the colon. These growth can be caused by age, bad diet, and can also be hereditary
Peptic Ulcers
Treatment: This disease can be treated with an Endoscopy surgery, Lifestyle changes or medication (depending on the case).
Symptoms
Bloody Vomit
Blood in stool
Weight Loss
Description: Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum. This disease is caused by a imbalance in gastric juice, stress and smoking