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The digestive system and the urinary system: Noah Lopez 1st period anatomy…
The digestive system and the urinary system: Noah Lopez 1st period anatomy and physiology
Major functions of the digestive system
Food intake
breaking down food into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
rid the body of any indigestible remains
Ingestion: eaitng
propulison: movement of food through the alimentary canal which includes swallowing
Mechanical breakdown: includes chewing, mixing food with our saliva, the food churnning in our stomach, and segmentation
Digestion: series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that breakdown complex food molecules.
Absorption: passage of digested fragments, from lumen of GI tract into the blood of lymphatic system
Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces
Major functions of the urinary system
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Ensuring long term acid base balance
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
Activating Vitamin D
Regulatting ion concentrations in extra cellular fluid
Carrying out gluconeogenisis if needed.
Major organs of the digestive system
The small intesitne
Duodenum: Long curves around the head of the pancreas and has most featured of the small intestine
Jejunum: Its mostly retroperitoneal and is long, curving around the head of the pancreas
Ileum: long, and is attached posterior by the mesentery. Eventually joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve
Villi: fingerlike projections of mucosa with a core that contains a dense capillary bed. It contains a capillary called lacteal for absorption
Microvilli: cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell that give it fuzzy appearance called the brush border that contains membrane-bound enzymes
Large intestine
Teniae coil: has three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
Haustra: Pocketlike sacs cause by tone of teniae coil
Epiploic appendages: fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
cecum: first part of the large intestine
Appendix: lots of lymphoid tissue and stores a variety of healthy bacteria.
colon: contains several different regions with most that are retroperitoneal
ascending colon: travels up right side of abdominal cavity to level right of kidney
Transverse colon: travels across abdominal cavity
Descending colon: travels down left side of abdominal cavity
sigmoid colon: s-shaped portion that travels through the pelvis
Pharynx: Allows for a passage way for foods, air, and liquids. Food passes from the mouth into the oropharynx into the laryngopharynx.
The esophagus: A muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to the stomach. Collapse when food propulsion is not involved.
Stomach: A Temporary storage tank that starts with chemical breakdowns of protein. It converts food into chyme.
Gallbladder: Very thin-walled muscular sac on ventral surface of liver. It stores and concentrates bile by absorbing water and ions.
The Pancreas: It produces pancreatic juices and digestive enzymes. This neutralizes chyme coming from the stomach.
The liver: Creates bile to help with fat regulation. It also helps with absorbing nutrients.
Mouth: The mouth is the beginning of the digestive system. air allows for liquid food to go into the esophagus.
Major organs of the urinary system
Kidney: regulates total water volume water and total solute concentration in water. Contains renal cortex, renal medulla, renal and renal pelvis
Renal cortex: granular appearing superficial reigon
Mental medulla: deep to cortex, composed of cone shaped medullary pyramids.
Renal pelvis: Funnel shaped tube continuous with ureter
Ureters: Slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to the bladder.
Urethra: Muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Nephron anatomy and physiology:
nephrons are the structural and functional units that form urine in our kidneys. Contain two main parts.
Renewal corpuscle There are two main parts of the renal corpuscle, the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule. The glomerulus if a Taft of cappilaries composed of fenestrated endothelium. The clone ruler capsule is cup shaped and surrounds the glomerulus.
Renal tubule:: Around 3 centimeters long and consist of one single layers of epithelial cells. there are three major parts which is the proximal convoluted tubule, nephronloop, and distal convoluted tubule,
PCT: cubodial cells with dense microvilli that form brush border. It functions in reabsorption and secretion, and confined to the Cortex
Nephron loop: Made up of cubodial or columnar cells that are really thick.
DCT; Conttain cubodial cells with not much microvilli, that function more in secretion that reabsoribtion
Disorders
Kidney stones: Can be formed because of to much calcium intake and need to either be peed out or surgical removed. They can lead to blood in pee or needed to pee more often
Bile stones: Also known as gallstones and these can form to high levels of cholestral. these can lead to blocakges of the pancreas.
UTI: These can be caused by secula intercoasre and can lead to problems in our unrinary system.
Cancer: Cancer cells become to much and began to grow at an alarming rate in the digestove system
layers of the GI tract
Mucose: Tnice layer that lines lumen, and secretes mucus, contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and had abundant amount of elastic tissue
Submucosa: Consist of areolar connective tissue, contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and also has abundant amount of elastic fibers
Muscular is external: Muslce layer resobpisble for segmentation and peristalsis. It contains and inner circiruclar muscle layer
Serra’s: The outer most layer made of visceral periotnem