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chapter 6 Hagar Farag sec.L53 202104799 - Coggle Diagram
chapter 6 Hagar Farag sec.L53 202104799
energy
ability to work/do
two types :
kinetic energy
potential energy
chemical energy
laws of thermodynamics
first law
energy cannot be created or destroyed
second law
tranfer of energy increases the entropy
entropy increases, decreases energy available
total energy = usable+unusable energy
free energy (G) = amount of energy to do work
H = G + TS
TYPES OF ENERGY
exergonic
spontanous
endergonic
not spontaneous
enzymes
protein catalysts in living cells
ribosomes
RNA with catalytic properties
using enzymes to lower activation energy
ny strainin bonds in reactants
positioning reactants together
changing local environment
enzyme components
substrates
lock and key metaphor
fit phenomenon
high Kw needs hiigher concentration
enzyme-substrate complex
active site
prosthetic groups
cofactor
inorganic ions
coenzyme
organic molecules
factor affects enzymes :
temperature
pH
NOTE: higher temperature or pH destroy the enzyme's structure and becomes denature - cann't be active again
NOTE: lower temperature or pH make the enzyme inactive - can be active again by increasing the pH/temperature to the optimum level
inhibition
competitive inhibition
molecules bind to active site
Kw increases
noncompetitive inhibition
Kw not affected
Vmax decreases
binds to allosteric site
feedback inhibition
metabolic pathways
catabolic pathways
exergonic
recycling bulding blocks
most living organisms do
used energy ATP,NADH
proteasome
breakdown proteins
lysosomes
breakdown macromolecules
autophagosome
anabolic pathways
endergonic
biosynthetic reactions
input energy
ways to make ATP:
chemiosmosis
substrate-level phosphorylation
regulation
cellular regulation
biochemical regulation
gene regulation
redox reactions
reduction - gain electron
oxidation- loss electrons