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LSS CT 1, Adaptation of the Small Intestine, OHPD(VCT) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - e.g. Paramecium
    - - e.g. Human
  - - - Cell membrane
        
        selectively permeable
        
        controls the type of substances entering or leaving the cell
      - Cytoplasm
        
        the site of chemical reactions within the cell
      - Nucleus
        
        controls and directs all chemical reactions and activities in the cell
      - Chromosomes
        
        contain genes which are passed from generation to generation during reproduction
    - - protects the cell from injury
      - gives it a regular shape
    - - filled with cell sap to keep the cell firm (by taking in water)
    - - traps light energy from the sun so that plants can make glucose during photosynthesis
  - - - contains food particles/excretory products
  - - - e.g.
        
        Fat cells
        
        store fat for future use
        
        Nerve cells
        
        multiple nerve endings
        
        specialised extensions to receive messages and send messages to other nerve cells quickly
        
        Root Hair Cells
        
        long and narrow protrusions (root hairs)
        
        large surface area to volume ratio
        
        Sperm cells
        
        contains more mitochondria as compared to other cells
        
        has a flagellum to help it swim
        
        Guard cells
        
        found in pairs, each pair is shaped so that a tiny stoma exists between them
        
        the opening and closing of the stomata is regulated by the guard cells when they change their shape
        
        Red blood cells
        
        flat and biconcave in shape
        
        large surface area to volume ratio - rapid diffusion of gases
        
        elastic - can squeeze through narrow capillaries
- - - - Effect of Osmosis
        
        Animal Cell
        
        Isotonic solution
        
        no net mov.
        
        no net change in size/shape
        
        Hypertonic solution
        
        net mov. of water out of the cells
        
        cells become shriveled
        
        Hypotonic Solution
        
        net mov. of water molecules into the cells
        
        cells swell and burst (lysed cells)
        
        Plant Cell
        
        Same water potential
        
        no net mov.
        
        not net change in size/shape
        
        Lower water potential
        
        out of the cells
        
        cells become flaccid then plasmolysed
        
        Higher water potential
        
        into the cells
        
        cells swell (become turgid)
- - - - Carbohydrates
        
        main source of energy to carry on life processes
        
        essential for cell respiration
      - Proteins
        
        required for growth and repair of cells
        
        source of energy
        
        form enzymes, hormones and antibodies in the body
        
        build body mass
      - Fats
        
        source of energy
        
        long-term storage of energy
        
        insulating material under the skin
    - - Vitamins
        
        A
        
        prevents gum from bleeding
        
        helps body to resist infection
        
        D
        
        for the formation of bones (promotes absorption of calcium)
      - Minerals
        
        calcium
        
        iron
      - Water
        
        essential for all body cells and fluids
        
        regulate body temperature (sweating)
- - - - increase in surface area exposed to digestive enzymes
        
        increase the rate of digestion
        
        salivary amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose
        
        Oesophagus
        
        no enzymes secreted - only the digestion of starch into maltose occurs as the bolus are swallowed
        
        peristalsis pushes the food down
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Abuses
      - Limitations
      - Benefits
    - - explosives
        
        GAN powder
      - flammables
        
        Alcohol
      - oxidiser
        
        Hydrogen peroxide
        
        (specify acidic hydrogen peroxide if giving an example of a corrosive substance)
      - corrrosive
      - acute toxicity
      - gases under presure
        
        compressed CO2
      - irritant
        
        iodine solution
      - respiratory sensitiser
        
        mercury
      - environmental toxicity
    - - Barrel
        
        raise the flame to a suitable height for heating
      - Collar
        
        to control the amt of air entering the burner
      - Gas jet
        
        to allow the gas to enter the burner and mix with the air from the air hole
      - Base
        
        to support the burner so that it will not topple
      - Gas tap
        
        to control the flow of gas to the burner