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chapter 4 Hagar Farag sec.L53 202104799 - Coggle Diagram
chapter 4 Hagar Farag sec.L53 202104799
cel theory
cells are the smallest unit of life
new cells come by cell division
According to chapter 15, Mitotic cell division is used to produce two new cells genetically identical to the original
this process is used for asexual reproduction ( reproductive cells ) or for development and growth of multicellular organism ( somatic cells )
organisms are composed or one or nore cells
Two kinds of organisms :
prokaryotes
simple structure
Two types of cells :
bacteria
abundant in environment and human bodies
the majority are not harmfull to humans
archaea
less common
abundant in extreme environment
genetic information (DNA) is found in a region called the nucleiod and is not surrounded by a membrane
Eukaryotes
more complex structure
DNA is contained in a compartment called the nucleus, which is enclosed by a membrane.
organells enclose within internal membranes
each organell has a unique structure and function
variable in shape,size and organization
two types of cells :
animal cell
unique with the centrosome
unique with lysosome
plant cell
unique with central vacuole
unique with cell wall
unique with chloroplast
protein sorting:
contranslational sorting
endomplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
plasma membrane
lysosome
cell exterior
other parts of endomembrane system
post-translational sorting
mitochondrion
peroxisome
chloroplast
nucleus
organells
The cytoplasm
endomembrane system
network of membranes within nucleus,endoplasmic reticulum,golgi apparatus,lysosomes,peroxisosomes ans vacuoles also plasma membrane
semiautonomous
chloroplasts
photosynnthesis
found in algae and plant cells
mitochondria
make ATP
intermembrane space
mitochondrial matrix
cytosol
region inside the plasma membrane in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Cytoskeleton
network of 3 protein filaments
actin filaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules
motor proteins
use ATP as a source of energy
three kinds of movements
carring cargo among filament
filament moves
motor protein and filament both restrained
found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
nucleus
ribosome assebly
nuclear matrix
chromosomes
found in Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
nuclear envelope
link to the ER memebrane
contains pores
double membrane that encloses the nucleus
found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Endoplasmic reticulum
encloses ER lumen
smooth ER
rough ER
Golgi apparatus
flattened, membrane-bounded compartments
vesicles
function as secretion,processingand protein sorting
Lysosomes
endocytosis
digesting
autophagy
recycling
contain acid hydrolases
three types to break down macromolecules
As mentioned in chapter 3 , macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids
vacuoles
found in plants in eukaryotes
three types :
contractile vacuoles
central vacuoles
phagocytic vacuoles
peroxisomes
catalases break down H2O2
catalyzes the break down of molecules
plasma membrane
cell signaling
cell adhesion
membrane transport
metabolism reactions
anabolism
happens in cytosol
catabolism