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Digestive & Urinary System (DS & US) Pablo Collazo Period 1 -…
Digestive & Urinary System (DS & US)
Pablo Collazo
Period 1
DS Major Functions
Takes in food and break it down
into nutrient molecules
Absorbs molecules into bloodstream
Disposes indigestible remains
Digestive Processes
Absorption
Defecation
Digestion
Mechanical breakdown
Propulsion
(Peristalsis and segmentation)
Ingestion
US Major Functions
Filter blood from waste products
Create, store and transport urine outside of the body
DS Main Organs
Alimentary Canal
Anus
Large
Intestine
Small Intestine
Stomach
Esophagus
Pharynx
Mouth
Accesory Organs
Gallbladder
Tongue
Teeth
Digestive Glands
Pancreas
Liver
Salivary Glands
US Major Organs
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Kidneys
Medulla & Cortex
Nephrons
Urethra
Digestive Enzymes
Lipases
Breaks down lipids
Nucleases
Breaks down nucleases
Amylase
Breaks down carbohydrates
Proteases
Breaks down proteins
Location and
Digestion of
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Digested primarily in the small intestine, also in the mouth
Absorbed by villi in the small intestine and then transported to the liver
Lipids
Digested in the mouth, stomach and small intestine
Fatty acids become chylomicrons and most are transported to systemic circulation, some go to the liver.
Proteins
Digested in the stomach and small intestine
Absorbed by villi in the small intestine and then transported to the liver
Nucleic Acid
Digested in the small intestine
Units are absorbed by villi and transported to the liver
Layers of GI Tract
Submucosa
Areolar CT; contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles and submucosal nerve plexus
Abundance of elastic tissues to help regain shape
Muscularis Externa
Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers; sphincters formed on thick circular layers
In stomach:
Added oblique layer to increase mechanical breakdown
Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Mucosa
Secretes mucus, enzymes and hormones; absorbs nutrients and protects against infectious disease
In stomach:
one layer of columnar epithelium with alkaline mucous cells . Dotted with gastric pits and glands
Tunic layer that lines lumen
Serosa
Outermost layer made of visceral peritoneum
Nephron Anatomy & Physiology
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
Fenestrated
endothelium
Porous Capillaries; allows filtrate formation
Glomerular Capsule
Parietal Layer
Simple squamous
Visceral Layer
Branching epithelial
podocytes
; end in
foot processes
that cling to basement membrane
Filtration slits
between
foot processes
allow filtrate to pass into
capsular space
Renal Tubule
Proximal Convoluted
Tubule
Cuboidal cells with dense microvilli; forms brush border that increases surface area and have large mitochondria
Reabsorption and secretion
Confined to cortex
Nephron
Loop
U-shaped with 2 limbs
Descending
Limb
AKA descending thin limb; simple squamous
Ascending
Limb
AKA thick ascending limb; thin in some nephrons; cuboidal or columnar cells
Distal Convoluted
Tubule
Cuboidal cells; few microvilli
More secretion than absorption; confined to cortex
Collecting Ducts
Principal Cells
Sparse and short microvilli
Water and Na+ balance
Intercalated Cells
Cuboidal cells; abundant microvilli
A & B Cells
: acid-base balance in blood
Collect filtrate from several nephrons
Run through medullary pyramids
Ducts fuse and deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
Disorders of DS and US
Cholecystitis
Gallbladder inflammation
GERD
Stomach fluids or food goes back up from the stomach to the esophagus
IBD
Complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation of the GI tract
Pectic Ulcers
Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Spastic Colon
Intestinal disorder that causes pain in the belly, gas, diarrhea and constipation
Polyps
Abnormal tissue growth in the colon
Bladder Cancer
Occurs when cells in the bladder don't work like the are supposed to, resulting in cancer in the bladder
UTI
Abnormal growth of bacteria in the urinary tract
Kidney Stones
Hard stones developed from the kidneys that either struggle to pass, causing a lot of pain, or end up obstructing the ureters.