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Digestive and Urinary System Tania Torres-Gomez - Coggle Diagram
Digestive and Urinary System Tania Torres-Gomez
Major functions digestive system
Take in food
break it down into nutrients molecules
absorb molecules into bloodstream
get rid of any indegistable remains
Major organs Urinary System
kidneys
ureters
transport urine from kidneys- urinary bladder
urinary bladder
temporary storage reservoir- urine
urethra
transports urine out body
3 distinct regions
Renal Cortex
granular- appearing superficial region
Renal medulla
deep-cortex, composed of cone shaped medullary (renal) pyramids
broad base of pyramid faces cortex
papilla tip pyramid, points internally
renal pyramids separated renal columns, inward extensions of cortical tissue
lobe:
medullary pyramid and surrounding cortical tissue about 8 lobes per kidney
Renal pelvis
funnel-shaped tube continuous H2O
Minor Calyces
cup-shaped areas collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae
Major calyces
areas collect urine from minor calyces
empty urine- renal pelvis
Urine flow
renal pyramid- minor calyx- renal pelvis- ureter
Physiology
180 L fluid processed daily
kidneys filter body's entire plasma volume 60 times a day
consume 20-25% oxygen used body at rest
blood plasma minus proteins
urine produced filtrate
contains metabolic wastes and uneeded substances
Bladder
anatomy
muscular sac temporary storage urine
Retroperitoneal, pelvic floor posterior- symphasis
males
prostate inferior- bladder neck
females
anterior- vagina and uterus
Urine Storage capacty
collapses empty
expands and rises superior during filling not significant increase internal pressure
moderately full bladder 12 cm long and hold 1 pint
hold twice amount if necessary can burst if overdistened
Ureters
transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urethra
transports urine out body
Major organs of the digestive system
Mouth
food chewed and mixed enzyme containing saliva begins process digestion and swallowing process initiated
oral (buccal) cavity
oral orfice anterior opening
walls mouth lines stratified squamous epithelium
lips
composed of oris muscle
cheeks
buccinator muscles
frenulum
median attachment each lip- gum
Palate
forms roof of mouth
Hard Palated
formed palatine bones and palatine processes maxillae with midline ridge raphe
2: Soft Palate
food formed mostly skeletal muscle
closes off nasopharynx
uvula
fingerlike projection faces from free edge soft palate
Tongue
occupies floor mouth
functions
gripping, repositioning, and mixing food chewing
formation bolus, mixture food and saliva
initiation swallowing, speech, and taste
Inguinal frenulum
attachment floor to mouth
Teeth
lie in sockets gum- covered margins mandible and maxilla
mastification
process chewing tears and grinds food- smaller fragments
Dentition dental formula
Primary dentition
20 decidous teeth/ milk/ baby teeth erupt 6 and 24 months of age
32 deep-lying permanent teeth enlarge and develop roots milk teeth resorbed from below, loosen fall 6-12 yrs. age
Classified according to shape
Incisors
chisel shaped for cutting
canines
fanglike teeth tear/ pierce
Premolars
broad crowns, rounded cusps grind/ crush
grinders
during chewing, upper, and lower molars lock together, creating crushing force
Tooth structure
each tooth 2 major regions
crown
exposed part gingival (gum) above covered enamel , hardest substance in body
root
portion embedded in jawbone connected- crown- neck
Esophagus
flat muscular tube runs larynogopharynx- stomach
collapses when not involved food propulsion
Stomach
temporary storage tank starts chemical breakdown protein digestion
converts bolus food- paste-like chyme
converts bolus food- past-like chyme
Major regions
Cardial part (cardia)
surrounds cardial orfice
fundus
dome-shaped region beneath diaphragm
body
midportion
Pyloric part
wider and more superior portion pyloric region, antrum, narrows- pyloric canal terminates pyloris
pyloris continous duodenum through pyloric valve (spincter controlling stomach emptying)
Greater curvature
convex lateral surface stomach
lesser curvature
concave medal surface stomach
Mesentaries
extend from curvatures and tether stomach- other digestive organs
lesser curvature
concave medial surface stomach
Greater omentum
drapes inferiorly greater currature over intestine, spleen, and transverse colon
blends colon, mesentry that anchors large intestine- abdominal wall
Anatomy
stomach wall contains regular 4 tunics however muscularis and mucosa modifies
muscularis externa circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers, extra 3rd layer, oblique (diagnal) layer
together, smooth muscles allow stomach not only- churn, mix, and move chyme, also- pummel it, breakdown and ram- small intestine
mucosa layer modified
simple columnar epithelium composed mucous cells
secrete a layer coat alkaline mucus surface layer traps fluid beneath it
dotted gastric pits leads- gastric glands
gastric glands produce gastric juice
Digestive processes
Carries out breakdown of food
Serves as holding area for food
Delivers chyme- small intestine
Denatures protein HCI
Pepsin carries out enzymatic digestion proteins
milk proteins (casein) broken down rennin in infants
results curdy substance
Lipid- soluble alcohol and aspirin absorbs- blood
Only Stomach function essential- life secretion intrinsic factor vitamin B12 absorption
Peristaltic waves
Propulsion
peristaltic waves move from fundus- pylorus
Grinding
most vigorous peristalsis and mixing action close- pylorus pyloric end of stomach acts pump delivers small amounts chyme- duodenum
Retropulsion
peristaltic wave closes pyloric valve, forcing most contents pylorus backwards- stomach
Liver
digestive function production
anatomy
largest gland body weighs 3lbs
4 primary lobes
right, left, caudate, and quadrate
ducts
common heptatic duct leaves liver
cystic duct connects- gallbladder
duct formed union common heptatic and cystic ducts
Gallbladder
chief function storage
thin- walled muscular sac ventral surface liver
functions store and concentrate absorption water and ions
Pancreas
supplies most enzymes needed- digest chyme, as well neutralizes stomach acid
exocrine function
pancreatic juice
endocrine function
secretion insulin and glucagon pancreatic islet cells
composition pancreatic juice
watery, alkaline solution (PH8)- neutralize acidic chyme coming from stomach
digestive enzymes
proteasess (for proteins) secreted inactive form prevent self- digestion
amylase (carbohydrates)
Lipases (lipids)
Nucleases (nucleic acid)
Small intestine
small intestine
major organ and absorption
subdivisions
duodenum
10 in long, curves around head pancreas
jejunum
8 ft long attached posteriorly mesentry
ilieum
12 ft attached posteriorly mesentry joins large intestine at ileocecal valve
modifications
small intestine's length and other structural modifications huge surface area nutrient absorption
villi
fingerlike projections mucosa core contains dense capillary bed and lymphatic capillary lacteal absorption
microvilli
cytoplasmic extensions mucosal cell gives fuzzy appearance called brush border contains membrane- bound enzymes used final carbohydrate and protein digestion
Digestive processes
chyme
Processing nutrients
fat -soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K) carried diffuse- absorptive cells
water soluble vitamins (C & B) absorbed diffusion/ passive/ active transporters
vitamin B12(large, charged molecules) connects with intrinsic factor and is absorbed endocytosis
Large Intestine
anatomy
3 unique features not seen elsewhere
teniae coli
3 bands longitudinal smooth muscle muscularis
haustra
pocketlike sacs caused tone teniae coli
Epiploic appendages
fat filled pouches visceral peritoneum
subdivisions
Cecum
1st part large intestine
Appendix masses lymphoid tissue
bacterial storehouse capable recolonizing gut with necessary
twisted shape appendix susceptible- blockages
Colon
several regions, most retroperitoneal except transverse and sigmoid regions
ascending colon travels up right side abdominal cavity- level right kidney
ends right-angle turn right colic (hepatic) flexure
transverse colon
travels across abdominal cavity ends in right angle turn, left colic (splenic) flexure
descending colon
travels down left side abdominal cavity
sigmoid colon
s-shaped portion travels to pelvis
Rectum
3 rectal valves stop feces being passed with gas flatus
Anal Canal
last segment large intestine opens today exterior at anus
2 sphincters
internal anal sphincter
smooth muscle
external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle
Digestive processes
residue remains large intestine 12-24 hrs
no food breakdown occurs except what enteric bacteria digest
major functions
propulsion feces- anus and defecation
re absorption vitamins (made bacterial flora) H2O and electrolytes
defecation
mass movements forces feces- rectum
muscles rectum contract- expel feces
Vitamin absorption
vitamin K & B vitamin from bacterial metabolism absorbed
Major functions of the urinary system
regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
regulating ion concentrations extracellular fluid (ECF)
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
producing erythropoietin (regulates blood pressure and renin) regulated RBC production
activating vitamin D
carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
Digestive enzymes
proteases (for proteins)
secreted in active form- prevent self-digestion
amylase (carbohydrates)
lipases (lipids)
nucleases (nucleic acid)
Layers of the GI tract
Mucosa
tunic layer lines lumen
functions
different layers perform 1 or all 3
secretes mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones
absorbs end products digestion
protects against infectious disease
Submucosa
consists areolar connective tissue
contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus supply surrounding GI tract tissues
abundant amount elastic tissues help organs- regain shape after strong large meal
Mucuslaris externa
muscle layer responsible segmentation and peristalsis
contains inner circular muscle layer and other longitudinal layers
circular layer thickens some areas- sphincters
Nephron anatomy and physiology
structural and functional units forms urine in kidneys
1 million per kidney
2 main parts
Renal Copuscle
2 parts
glomerlus
tuft capillaries composed fenestrated endothelium
highly porous capillaries
allows efficient filtrate formation
filtrate
plasma- derived fluid renal tubules process- form urine
Glomerlus capsule
Bowman's capsule
cup- shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
consists 2 layers
Parietal layer
simple squamos epithelium
Visceral layer
clings- glomerular capillaries, branching epithelial podocytes
extensions terminate foot processes cling- basement membrane
filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate- pass into capsular space
Renal tubule
about 3cm long consists single layer epithelial cells, each region own unique histology and function
3 major parts
Proximal convoluted tubule
proximal, closest- renal corpuscle
cuboidal cells wit dense microvilli that form brush border
increase surface area
large mitochondia
functions
reabsorption and secretion confined- cortex
Nephron loop
called loop henle
u- shaped structure consisting 2 limbs
Descending limb
Proximal part limb continous proximal tubule
Distal portion called descending thing limb; simple squamos epithelium
Ascending limb
Thick ascending limb
thin some nephrons
Cuboidal/ columnar cells
distal convulated tubule
farthest from renal corpuscle
distal convulated tubule drains- collecting ducts
cuboidal cells few microvilli
function:
more secretion than reabsorption
confined cortex
Collecting ducts
2 cell types
Principal cells
sparse with short microvilli
maintain H2O and Na+ balance
Intercalated cells
cuboidal cells abundant microvilli
2 types intercalated cells
A & B
help maintain acid- base balance of blood
receive filtrate from many nephrons
run through medullary pyramids
give pyramids their striped appearance
receive filtrate from many nephrons
ducts fuse together- deliver urine through papillae minor calyces
Disorders
Cholecystitis
inflammation gallbladder
causes/ risk factors
digestive tumors
inflammation
gallstones
Symptoms
tender abdomen
sweating
nausea
treatment
medication
fasting
cholecystectomy
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
chronic disease occurs when esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing content stomach move back esophagus
causes/ risk factores
acid reflux
weakend esophageal
sphincter
Treatment
medication
prescription
surgery
symptoms
chest pain
heatburn
dry cough
Inflammartory Bowel Disease (IBD)
chronic complex intestinal condition causes inflammation digestive tract
causes/ risk factors
acid reflux
weakend esophageal
sphincter
symptoms
abdominal pain
cramping
fever
Peptic Ulcers
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach/ duodenum
cause/ risk factors
imbalance gastric juices
bacterial infection
smoking
treatment
lifestyle changes
medication
endoscopic surgery
Symptoms
heartburn
severe chest pain
bloating
Colon Diseases
Polyps- growth
causes/ risk factors
heredity
diet
age
symptoms
asymptomatic
constipation
diarrhea
treatment
surgical removal
diet adjustment
Hemmorrhoids
inflamed veins in rectum/ anus
causes/ risk factors
obesity
chronic diarrhea
stain bowel movement
symptoms
anal pain
anal itching
lumps
treatment:
medication
surgical removal
injections
Bladder Cancer
cells bladder grow abnormally
causes/ risk factors
smoking
cancer drugs
limit to chemicals
symptoms
urination pain
pain lower abdomen
back pain
treatment
Urinary Tract infection (UTI)
abnormal growth of bacteria
causes/ risk factors
sexually active women
pregnant women
menopausal women
symptoms
burning urination
pain/ pressure lower pelvic area
fever
Kidney Stones
urine has high levels of minerals and salts, hard stones form
causes/ risk factors
too much calcium in urine
acidic urine
high amount cystine urine
symptoms
sharp cramping pain
burning feedling urinating
intense need to urine
treatment
medication
surgery
Location of digestion and absorption
vitamin absorption
small intestine
fast soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K) carried diffuse- absorptive cells
water soluble vitamins ( C & B) absorbed diffusion/ passive/ active transporters
vitamin B12 (large, charged molecules) connects with intrinsic factor and is absorbed endocytosis
large intestine
vitamin K & B vitamins from bacterial metabolism absorbed
Absorption of water
9L water most GI tract secretions, enter small intestine
95% absorbed small intestine osmosis
most rest absorbed large intestine
net osmosis occurs concentration gradient established active transport of solutes
Water uptake coupled solute uptake
Absorption electolytes
usually amount in intestine absorbed
Na+ absorption coupled active absorption glucose and amino acids
most ions transported actively alone length small intestine
iron and calcium absorbed duodenum
CI- transported actively
K+ diffused response- osmotic gradients; lost water absorption poor
iron and calcium absorption related- need
ionic iron stored mucosal cells
needed, transport blood
Ca2+ absorption regulated vitamin D and parathyroid hormone