Digestive & Urinary System
McKenzie Nazionale
Period 1

Major Digestive System Functions

Major Urinary System Functions

Major Digestive System Organs

Major Urinary System Organs

Digestive Enzymes

Location of Digestion and Absorption of Each Macromolecule

Layers of the GI Tract

Nephron Anatomy and Physiology

Disorders of the Digestive and Urinary Systems

take in food

break it down into nutriet molecules

rid body of any indigestible remains

absorb molecules into the bloodstream

Alimentary canal

digests food

absorbs fragments through lining into blood

continuous muscular tube that runs from mouth to anus

organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

accessory digestive organs

tongue

gallbladder

teeth

digestive glads: produce secretions that help break down food

liver

pancreas

salivary glands

digestive processes

  1. digestion: series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes
  1. absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
  1. mechanical breakdown: chewing and mixing food with saliva
  1. defecation: elimination of indigestible substance via anus in form of feces
  1. propulsion: movement of food through alimentary canal
  1. ingestion:eating
  1. submucosa
  1. muscularis externa
  1. mucosa
  1. serosa

tunic layer that lines lumen

functions: different layers perform on or all three

consists of areolar connective tissue

contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues

muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers

outermost layer made up of visceral peritoneum

mouth

salivary glands

teeth

tongue

lips and cheeks

cheeks: buccinator muscles

labial frenulum: attachment of lip to gum

lips (labia): orbicularis oris muscle

palate

soft palate: fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle

hard palate: palatine bones and palatine prcesses of maxillae

gripping, repositioning, mixing food, formation of bolus, initiation of swallowing, speech, taste

lingual frenulum: attachment to floor of mouth

serous cells: produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin

mucous cells: produces mucus

crown: exposed part above gingiva

root: portion embedded in jawbone

pharynx: food passes into oropharynx into laryngopharynx

esophagus: muscular tube runs from laryngopharynx to stomach

gastroesophageal sphincter surrounds cardial orifice

stomach: temporary strage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion

dundus: region beneath diaphragm

body: midportion

cardial part: surrounds cardial orifice

pyloric part: wider and more superior of pyloric region, antrum, narrows into pyloric canal that terminates in pylorus

greater curvature: convex lateral surface of stomach

lesser curvature: concave medial surface of stomach

liver: digestive function to produce bile

gallbladder: chief function is storage of bile

pancreas: supplies most enzymes needed to digest chyme, and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

small intestine: major organ of digestion and absorption

large intestine: teniae coli- 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis / haustra- posketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli / epilopic appendages- fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

carbohydrate

enzyme and source

salivary amylase

pancreatic amylase

brush border enzymes in small intestines

site of action

mouth

small intestine

path of absorption

fructose passes via facilitated diffusion

all monosaccharides leave epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion, enter capillary blood in vili, and transported to liver via hepatic portal vein

glucose and galactose are absorbed via cotransport with Na+

protein

enzymes and source

site of action

path of absorption

pepsin in presence of HCI

Pancreatic enzymes

brush border enzymes

small intestine

stomach

amino acids are absobed via cotransport with Na+

some dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via cotrasport with H+ and hydrolyzed to amino acids within cells

transcytosis of small peptides occurs

amino acids leave epithelial cells, enter capillary blood in vili, and transported to liver via hepatic portal vein

fat

path of absorption

site of action

enzyme and source

gastric lipase

emulsification by detergent action of bile salts ducted in from liver

lingual lipase

pancreatic lipases

stomach

small intestine

mouth

fatty acids and monoglycerides recombine to form triglycerides and combine with other lipids and proteins in cells and chlyomicrons are extruded by exocytosis

fatty acids and monoglycerides enter intestinal cells via diffusion

chlyomicrons enter lacteals of vili and trasport to systemic circulation via lymph in thoracic duct

short-chain fatty acids are absorbed, move to capillary blood in vili by diffusion, and transport to liver via hepatic portal vein

nucleic acid

site of action

path of absorption

enzyme and source

pancreatic ribo-nuclease and deosyribonuclease

brush border enzymes

small intestine

units enter intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers

units are absorbed into capillary blood in vili and transport to liver via hepatic portal vein

regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in wate

ensuring long-term acid-base balance

regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid

excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs

producing erythropoietin

activating vitamin D

carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed

ureters: transport uring from kidneys to urinary bladder

urethra: transports urine out of body

urinary bladder: temporary storage reservoir for urine

nephron: structural and functional units that form urine in the kidneys

two main parts

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

  1. glomerulus: tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
  1. glomerular capsule: cup-shaped hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
  1. nephron loop
  1. distal convoluted tubule
  1. proximal convoluted tubule

kidney: filter body's entire plasma volume 60 times per day; urine produced from filtrate

lipase

proteases

lactase

sucrase

maltase

amylase

cholecytitis: inflammation of the gall bladder

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): chronic disease occurs when esophageal sphincter relaxes and contents in the stomach move back up into the esophagus

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): chronic complex intestinal condition causes inflammation in digestive tract

peptic ulcers: sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

colon diseases

colorectal cancer: uncontrolled cell growth in colon

polyps: growths

bladder cancer: abnormal growth in bladder

urinary tract infection (UTI): abnormal growth of bacteria along urinary tract

kidney stones: urine contains dissolved minerals and salts