Digestive & Urinary System
McKenzie Nazionale
Period 1
Major Digestive System Functions
Major Urinary System Functions
Major Digestive System Organs
Major Urinary System Organs
Digestive Enzymes
Location of Digestion and Absorption of Each Macromolecule
Layers of the GI Tract
Nephron Anatomy and Physiology
Disorders of the Digestive and Urinary Systems
take in food
break it down into nutriet molecules
rid body of any indigestible remains
absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Alimentary canal
digests food
absorbs fragments through lining into blood
continuous muscular tube that runs from mouth to anus
organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
accessory digestive organs
tongue
gallbladder
teeth
digestive glads: produce secretions that help break down food
liver
pancreas
salivary glands
digestive processes
- digestion: series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes
- absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
- mechanical breakdown: chewing and mixing food with saliva
- defecation: elimination of indigestible substance via anus in form of feces
- propulsion: movement of food through alimentary canal
- ingestion:eating
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- mucosa
- serosa
tunic layer that lines lumen
functions: different layers perform on or all three
consists of areolar connective tissue
contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers
outermost layer made up of visceral peritoneum
mouth
salivary glands
teeth
tongue
lips and cheeks
cheeks: buccinator muscles
labial frenulum: attachment of lip to gum
lips (labia): orbicularis oris muscle
palate
soft palate: fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
hard palate: palatine bones and palatine prcesses of maxillae
gripping, repositioning, mixing food, formation of bolus, initiation of swallowing, speech, taste
lingual frenulum: attachment to floor of mouth
serous cells: produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin
mucous cells: produces mucus
crown: exposed part above gingiva
root: portion embedded in jawbone
pharynx: food passes into oropharynx into laryngopharynx
esophagus: muscular tube runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
gastroesophageal sphincter surrounds cardial orifice
stomach: temporary strage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
dundus: region beneath diaphragm
body: midportion
cardial part: surrounds cardial orifice
pyloric part: wider and more superior of pyloric region, antrum, narrows into pyloric canal that terminates in pylorus
greater curvature: convex lateral surface of stomach
lesser curvature: concave medial surface of stomach
liver: digestive function to produce bile
gallbladder: chief function is storage of bile
pancreas: supplies most enzymes needed to digest chyme, and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
small intestine: major organ of digestion and absorption
large intestine: teniae coli- 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis / haustra- posketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli / epilopic appendages- fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
carbohydrate
enzyme and source
salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase
brush border enzymes in small intestines
site of action
mouth
small intestine
path of absorption
fructose passes via facilitated diffusion
all monosaccharides leave epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion, enter capillary blood in vili, and transported to liver via hepatic portal vein
glucose and galactose are absorbed via cotransport with Na+
protein
enzymes and source
site of action
path of absorption
pepsin in presence of HCI
Pancreatic enzymes
brush border enzymes
small intestine
stomach
amino acids are absobed via cotransport with Na+
some dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via cotrasport with H+ and hydrolyzed to amino acids within cells
transcytosis of small peptides occurs
amino acids leave epithelial cells, enter capillary blood in vili, and transported to liver via hepatic portal vein
fat
path of absorption
site of action
enzyme and source
gastric lipase
emulsification by detergent action of bile salts ducted in from liver
lingual lipase
pancreatic lipases
stomach
small intestine
mouth
fatty acids and monoglycerides recombine to form triglycerides and combine with other lipids and proteins in cells and chlyomicrons are extruded by exocytosis
fatty acids and monoglycerides enter intestinal cells via diffusion
chlyomicrons enter lacteals of vili and trasport to systemic circulation via lymph in thoracic duct
short-chain fatty acids are absorbed, move to capillary blood in vili by diffusion, and transport to liver via hepatic portal vein
nucleic acid
site of action
path of absorption
enzyme and source
pancreatic ribo-nuclease and deosyribonuclease
brush border enzymes
small intestine
units enter intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers
units are absorbed into capillary blood in vili and transport to liver via hepatic portal vein
regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in wate
ensuring long-term acid-base balance
regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
producing erythropoietin
activating vitamin D
carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
ureters: transport uring from kidneys to urinary bladder
urethra: transports urine out of body
urinary bladder: temporary storage reservoir for urine
nephron: structural and functional units that form urine in the kidneys
two main parts
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
- glomerulus: tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
- glomerular capsule: cup-shaped hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
- nephron loop
- distal convoluted tubule
- proximal convoluted tubule
kidney: filter body's entire plasma volume 60 times per day; urine produced from filtrate
lipase
proteases
lactase
sucrase
maltase
amylase
cholecytitis: inflammation of the gall bladder
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): chronic disease occurs when esophageal sphincter relaxes and contents in the stomach move back up into the esophagus
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): chronic complex intestinal condition causes inflammation in digestive tract
peptic ulcers: sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
colon diseases
colorectal cancer: uncontrolled cell growth in colon
polyps: growths
bladder cancer: abnormal growth in bladder
urinary tract infection (UTI): abnormal growth of bacteria along urinary tract
kidney stones: urine contains dissolved minerals and salts