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Digestive + Urinary System By: Iara Garro Period 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Filters blood (kidneys) and make urine to take waste out of the body
  - - - 1) regulate H2O volue, solute concentration, 2) regulate ion concentration in ECF 3) acid base balance 4) excrete metabolic wastes, toxins 5) creates eryhtropoietin and renin (blood pressure regulated and RBC production regulated) 6) activate Vitamin D 7) Gluconeogeneisis
      - renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis
        
        renal medulla: has medullary renal pyramids; separeted by renal clumns (extensional corticol tissue)
        
        Papilla: tip of pyramid
        
        Lobe: medullary pyramind w corticl tissue surrounding
        
        Renal pelvis: funnel tube that connecter to ureter: minor and major calyces; MINOR: cups that collect urine coming from pyramidal papillae MAJOR: COLLECTS FROM MINOR CALCYCES AND EMPTIES TO RENAL PELIS
        
        superficial part
- - - - 2nd part: glomerular capsule: (Bowman's capsule); hollow + surround glomerulus; 2 layers: parietal + visceral
        1) Parietal: simp. squa 2) Visceral: clings to glomerulus capillaries; branched out podocytes ; Filtration slits between foot porocesses= filtrate into capular space
    - - Nephron Loop: Loop of Henle; 2 limbs: 1) descending 2) ascending
        
        Descending: proximal continues w proximal tubule; distal: descending limb, simple squamous
        
        Ascending Limb: thick, rarely thin; cuboidal/ columnar cells
      - 3) Distal convulated tubule: drains to collecting duct; secretes more than reabsorb
        
        Collecting duct: Principal cells and intercalacted: 1) few w microvilli; h2o NA+ Balance 2) A and B cells: maintain acid-base baalnce; run through poyramids and recieve the filtrated from the nephrons
        
        COLLECTING DUCTS: DELIVER URINE THROUGH PAPILLAE
      - 1) proximal convulated proximal to renal corpuscle; cuboidal w microvilli: FUNCTION: reabsorpption+ secretion to cortex
- - - - Risk Factors/ Causes: frequent acid reflux, weak esophageal sphincter, obesity
        
        Symptoms: chest pain, heartburn, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
        
        Treatment Options: Prescription meds, surgery, over-the-counter meds (maalox, mylanta, rolaids)
    - - Causes/ Risk Factors: Unknown; COULD BE genetics, environment, immune system
        
        Symptoms: Cramping, diarrhea, fever
        
        Treatment: meds, fluid replacement, diet adjustment
    - - Risk Factors: Primary risk factor: blockage of the gall duct by gallstones; digestive tumors, inflammation
        
        Symptoms: tender abdomen, vomiting, nausea
        
        Treatment Options: Meds, fasting, antibiotics
    - - Causes/ Risk Factors: imbalance in gastric juices, stress, bacterial infection
        
        Symptoms: Heartburn, severe chest pain, nausea
        
        Treatment: lifestyle changes, meds, endocopic surgery
    - - Colorectal cancer: uncontrolled cell growth in colon
        
        Causes/ Risk Factors: hereditary, diet, lifestyle
        
        Symptoms: Bloody Stool, bloating, fatigue
        
        Treatment Options: Surgery, chemotherapy, meds
      - Polyps: growths
        
        Risk Factors: Hereditary, diet, age
        
        Symptoms: Bloody stool, constipation, diarrhea
        
        Treatment: Surgery removing polyps, none, and diet adjustment
  - - - Symptoms: Symptoms: Burning urination, cloudy urine, pressure in lower pelvic area
        
        Treatment: Oral antibiotics, cranberry juice, urine sterilizing pills
    - - Calicum causes: too much clacium in diet; Uric acid: uric acid forming crystals that then form stones (could be diabetes); infection: caused by UTIS; cystine: metabolic disorder
        
        Symptoms: Kidney swellimg, burning sensaion, chydronephros, sharp cramps in the backside
        
        Treatment options: waiting for stones to pass, laparoscopic surgery, meds
    - - Symptoms: back pain, painful urination, lower abdomen pain
        
        Treatment: meds, prescription, chemo
- - - - Stomach: stomach: storage and beginning of chemical breakdown;
        
        4) Pylonic Part: wide; higher part of pylonic region (Antrum); pylonic canala ends in pylorus
        
        3) body mid-part:
        
        2) fungus: pyramid beneath diaphragm
        
        1) stomach major regions: cardial (cardia) surrounds cardial orifice
        
        5) Pylorus: continues w duodenum through pyloric valve; (sphincter controlling stomach = emptying)
        
        Mucosal barrier: Thick bicarbonertuem mucus; stem cell division, replaces epithelial cells;
      - Small Intestine: duedenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve absorbs nutrients and digests food; duedenum: curves around pancreas head; jejunum: attached by mesentary, ileum -> ileocecal valve
        
        During meal: segmentation; moving foodstuffs to ileocecal valve (long, short movements)
        
        Between meals: Peristalsis (motilin hormone) moving remnents of meal w bacteria to large intestine
      - Esophagus : Pass food from mouth to stomach; larynogpharanyx to stomach; cardiac sphincter surrounds cardial orfices and keeps it closed (deglutition)
      - Large Intestine: 3 things: tenaie coli, haustra, epiploic appendages
        
        6 subdivisions:
        
        Colon: 4 regions: 1) ascending: up right side of abs to right kidney 2) Transverse: across ab cavity ending in left colic splenic 3) descending colon: left side of ab cavity 4) sigmoid colon: travel through pelvis like a snake
        
        Rectum: rectal valves stop feces being farted out
        
        Appendix: lymphoid tissue bunch that can recolonize gut
        
        5) Anal canal: opens to anus; internal anal sphinter (smooth) and external anal sphinter (skeletal)
        
        Cecum: first part
        
        Tenae coli: 3 bands pf smooth muscle in muscularis; Haustra: pocket sacs caused by teniae coli tone; epiploic appendages: fat puches of visceral peritoneum
      - Pharanyx: oropharanyx to largnygopahranyx; FOOD FLUID AIR PASSAGE: pass food from mouth to stomach; DEGLUGTITION
      - Anus: expels feces
      - Mouth: chews food while saliva breaks it w enzymes (associative organs= mouth, tongue, salivary glands, teeth; oral orifice= opening w stratified squamous
        
        Lips/ Cheeks: labia"orbicularis oris; cheeks: buccinator muscles
        
        Palate: hard palate: palatine bones + processes of maxillae
        
        Soft palate: skeletal muscle closes nasopharanyx; uvula: projectile from soft palate
    - - Tongue: Functions: gripping, repositioning, mix food together; starts swallow+ speech; attaches to floor of lip
      - Gallbladder: thin muscular sac on front of liber that stores bile by absorbing H2O+ ions
      - Teeth: In sockets in gum of mandible
        
        mastication: chewing; tears food to fragments
        
        4 Types of Teeth: 1) deciduos teeth; 20 from 2-6 years; later permanent ; 2) canines: fang; tear/ pierces 3) prensars: broad w round end; grind 4) molars: rounded cusps that grind; upper lower block
        
        crowns exposed; roots embeded in jawbone
      - Digestive Glands: Liver and pancreas
        
        Pancreas: supply of enzymes for chyme digestion + bicarbonate (stomach acid)
        
        Liver: produces bile, a fat emulsifier; Hepatic duct: leves the liver, cystic duct: connect to gallbladder; bile duct: first two unfication