Digestive + Urinary System By: Iara Garro Period 1

Macromolecule: Location+ Absorption

GI Tract Layers (w stomach)

Digestibe Enzymes + Functions

Urinary system

Nephron Anatomy + Physiology

Digestive + Urinary System Disorders

Major Functions

Major Organs:

Digestive System

Major Functions: 4

Major Organs

3) Absorb molecules into bloodstream

4) Rid body of remains that can't be digested

2) Break down+ process nutrients

1) Take in food

Main: 7

:Accessory Organs: (4)

Stomach: stomach: storage and beginning of chemical breakdown;

Small Intestine: duedenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve absorbs nutrients and digests food; duedenum: curves around pancreas head; jejunum: attached by mesentary, ileum -> ileocecal valve

Esophagus : Pass food from mouth to stomach; larynogpharanyx to stomach; cardiac sphincter surrounds cardial orfices and keeps it closed (deglutition)

Large Intestine: 3 things: tenaie coli, haustra, epiploic appendages

Pharanyx: oropharanyx to largnygopahranyx; FOOD FLUID AIR PASSAGE: pass food from mouth to stomach; DEGLUGTITION

Anus: expels feces

Mouth: chews food while saliva breaks it w enzymes (associative organs= mouth, tongue, salivary glands, teeth; oral orifice= opening w stratified squamous

Tongue: Functions: gripping, repositioning, mix food together; starts swallow+ speech; attaches to floor of lip

Gallbladder: thin muscular sac on front of liber that stores bile by absorbing H2O+ ions

Teeth: In sockets in gum of mandible

Digestive Glands: Liver and pancreas

2) submucosa: made of aereolar connective tissue; has blood/ lymphatic vessels, submucosal nerve, lymphoid follicles (ALL) surround GI tract; made of elastic tissue which help organs maintain shape after digestion

3) Muscularis externa: involves segmentation + peristalsis; has inner musuclar layer + outyer longitudinal layer; THICKENS + FORMS SPHINCTERS

1) Mucosa: thick layer; functions: (3): secrete mucous, hormones, digestive enzymes 2) absorb end product of digestion, 3) protect against disease

4) Serosa: Outermost layer; visceral peritoneum

Nephron: units that produce urine in kidneys

1) Renal corpuscle: 2 parts 1) glomerulus capillaries= endothelium; porous capillaries that filtrate plasma-derived fluid; renal tubules process; formate tubule

Renal Tubule/ Collecting Duct

2nd part: glomerular capsule: (Bowman's capsule); hollow + surround glomerulus; 2 layers: parietal + visceral
1) Parietal: simp. squa 2) Visceral: clings to glomerulus capillaries; branched out podocytes ; Filtration slits between foot porocesses= filtrate into capular space

Nephron Loop: Loop of Henle; 2 limbs: 1) descending 2) ascending

3) Distal convulated tubule: drains to collecting duct; secretes more than reabsorb

1) proximal convulated proximal to renal corpuscle; cuboidal w microvilli: FUNCTION: reabsorpption+ secretion to cortex

Digestive System Disorders: (5)

Urinary System Disorders: (3)

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Uterine lining gets full of ABNORMAL bacteria growth; risks: sexually active, pregnant women, menopausal women

Kidney Stones: 4 types: calcium (80), uric acid (10), cystine stones (15), struvite (10%) and cystine (>1%)

Bladder Cancer: Body cells multiolying out of control, which causes a tumor to form on INSIDE LINING OF BLADDER; 2 types: non-muscular/ muscular

Symptoms: back pain, painful urination, lower abdomen pain

Treatment: meds, prescription, chemo

Symptoms: Symptoms: Burning urination, cloudy urine, pressure in lower pelvic area

Treatment: Oral antibiotics, cranberry juice, urine sterilizing pills

Calicum causes: too much clacium in diet; Uric acid: uric acid forming crystals that then form stones (could be diabetes); infection: caused by UTIS; cystine: metabolic disorder

Symptoms: Kidney swellimg, burning sensaion, chydronephros, sharp cramps in the backside

Treatment options: waiting for stones to pass, laparoscopic surgery, meds

GERD: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: chronic disease; the esophangeal sphincter relaxes and stomach contents go back up;

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Chronic: intestinal condition; inflammation in the digestive tract (Crohn's diease, ulcerative colitis)

Cholecystitis: gall bladder inflammation

Peptic Ulcers: sores developed in duodenum/ stomach lining

Colon Diseases: (2)

Risk Factors: Primary risk factor: blockage of the gall duct by gallstones; digestive tumors, inflammation

Symptoms: tender abdomen, vomiting, nausea

Treatment Options: Meds, fasting, antibiotics

Risk Factors/ Causes: frequent acid reflux, weak esophageal sphincter, obesity

Symptoms: chest pain, heartburn, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

Treatment Options: Prescription meds, surgery, over-the-counter meds (maalox, mylanta, rolaids)

Causes/ Risk Factors: Unknown; COULD BE genetics, environment, immune system

Symptoms: Cramping, diarrhea, fever

Treatment: meds, fluid replacement, diet adjustment

Causes/ Risk Factors: imbalance in gastric juices, stress, bacterial infection

Symptoms: Heartburn, severe chest pain, nausea

Treatment: lifestyle changes, meds, endocopic surgery

Colorectal cancer: uncontrolled cell growth in colon

Polyps: growths

Causes/ Risk Factors: hereditary, diet, lifestyle

Symptoms: Bloody Stool, bloating, fatigue

Treatment Options: Surgery, chemotherapy, meds

Risk Factors: Hereditary, diet, age

Symptoms: Bloody stool, constipation, diarrhea

Treatment: Surgery removing polyps, none, and diet adjustment

Descending: proximal continues w proximal tubule; distal: descending limb, simple squamous

Ascending Limb: thick, rarely thin; cuboidal/ columnar cells

Lips/ Cheeks: labia"orbicularis oris; cheeks: buccinator muscles

Palate: hard palate: palatine bones + processes of maxillae

Soft palate: skeletal muscle closes nasopharanyx; uvula: projectile from soft palate

mastication: chewing; tears food to fragments

4 Types of Teeth: 1) deciduos teeth; 20 from 2-6 years; later permanent ; 2) canines: fang; tear/ pierces 3) prensars: broad w round end; grind 4) molars: rounded cusps that grind; upper lower block

crowns exposed; roots embeded in jawbone

4) Pylonic Part: wide; higher part of pylonic region (Antrum); pylonic canala ends in pylorus

3) body mid-part:

2) fungus: pyramid beneath diaphragm

1) stomach major regions: cardial (cardia) surrounds cardial orifice

5) Pylorus: continues w duodenum through pyloric valve; (sphincter controlling stomach = emptying)

Stomach

4) Enteroendocrine cells: secrete mesengers to lamina propia; paracrines: serotonin/ histamine; HORMONES: somatalk paracrines and gastrum

3) Chief cells: pepsinogth: inactive enzyme: HCI activates pepsin; Lipases: digest lipids

2) Parietal cells: secretions = hydrochloric acid and gluco protein

Gland cell types (4) : 1) mucous neck cells; thin/ cardiac mucus

Mucosal barrier: Thick bicarbonertuem mucus; stem cell division, replaces epithelial cells;

Collecting duct: Principal cells and intercalacted: 1) few w microvilli; h2o NA+ Balance 2) A and B cells: maintain acid-base baalnce; run through poyramids and recieve the filtrated from the nephrons

COLLECTING DUCTS: DELIVER URINE THROUGH PAPILLAE

Ureters: kidneys take urine here which then takes it to bladder

Kidneys: FUNCTIONS: (7)

Urinary bladder: stores urine

Urethra: takes urine out of body

1) regulate H2O volue, solute concentration, 2) regulate ion concentration in ECF 3) acid base balance 4) excrete metabolic wastes, toxins 5) creates eryhtropoietin and renin (blood pressure regulated and RBC production regulated) 6) activate Vitamin D 7) Gluconeogeneisis

renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis

renal medulla: has medullary renal pyramids; separeted by renal clumns (extensional corticol tissue)

Renal pelvis: funnel tube that connecter to ureter: minor and major calyces; MINOR: cups that collect urine coming from pyramidal papillae MAJOR: COLLECTS FROM MINOR CALCYCES AND EMPTIES TO RENAL PELIS

superficial part

Papilla: tip of pyramid

Lobe: medullary pyramind w corticl tissue surrounding

URINE FLOW: renal pyramid goes to minor calyx goes to major calyx to renal pelvis to ureter

Filters blood (kidneys) and make urine to take waste out of the body

During meal: segmentation; moving foodstuffs to ileocecal valve (long, short movements)

Between meals: Peristalsis (motilin hormone) moving remnents of meal w bacteria to large intestine

6 subdivisions:

Tenae coli: 3 bands pf smooth muscle in muscularis; Haustra: pocket sacs caused by teniae coli tone; epiploic appendages: fat puches of visceral peritoneum

Colon: 4 regions: 1) ascending: up right side of abs to right kidney 2) Transverse: across ab cavity ending in left colic splenic 3) descending colon: left side of ab cavity 4) sigmoid colon: travel through pelvis like a snake

Rectum: rectal valves stop feces being farted out

Appendix: lymphoid tissue bunch that can recolonize gut

5) Anal canal: opens to anus; internal anal sphinter (smooth) and external anal sphinter (skeletal)

Cecum: first part

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Pancreas: supply of enzymes for chyme digestion + bicarbonate (stomach acid)

Liver: produces bile, a fat emulsifier; Hepatic duct: leves the liver, cystic duct: connect to gallbladder; bile duct: first two unfication

Are what pancreastic juice is made of

Nucleases for nucleic acids

Lipases: for lipids

Amylase: for carbs

Proteases: for proteins and in inactive form so it won't digest itself

Carbs: in the mouth and small intestine; absorb starches/ disaccharides; abosrorption path: glucose/ galactose absorbed w NA+ (cotransport); monosaccahrides go to capillary blood in villi hepatic portal vein, then liver

Lipids: (fats): in mouth, stomach, small intestine,; absorb unemulsfied trigycerides; absorption path: intestinal cells, form triglercidyes and thej=n add w protiens to make chylomicrons, which then enter lacteals; transport to systemic circulation; short chain acids= absorbed; go to capillary blood, then haptic portal vein, then liver

Proteins: In stomach and small intestine; absorb proteins; absorption path: cotransport w NA+ (amino acids); tri/ dipeptides cotranposrt w H+; amino acids: epithelail cells to capillary blood to hepatic portal vein to liver

Nucleic Acids: Absorb nucelic acids; in small intestine: enter intestinal cells via active transport; go to capillaru blood then hepatic portal vein then liver