Options Briefing for Physics
Relativity
Imaging
Astrophysics
Engineering physics
Converging and diverging lenses
Reference frames
Start at the origin
measuring space
reference frames
Inertial reference frames
Galilean relativity and
Newton’s postulates concerning space and time
Galilean transformations
Many reference frames
Relative motion
Relative acceleration
Newton’s postulates of space and time
Maxwell’s and the constancy of the speed of light
The speed of light
Transforming space and time
Forces on a charge or current
The force about a current carrying wire
The forces about moving and stationary charges
Postulates of relativity
Postulate one: The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference
Postulate two: The speed of light in a vacuum is constant or invariant, denoted c, for all inertial reference frames
Clock synchronization
Left, right, left, right—all in step
Synchronization with relative motion
Synchronization with relative motion
The Lorentz transformations
Lorentz’s gamma factor
Velocity addition
Invariant quantities
The spacetime interval
Time dilation
What is time?
Proper time and dilated time
The light-clock thought experiment
Length Contraction
What is length?
Length contraction
The reality of time and length
The muon decay experiment
Spacetime diagrams and worldlines -A
A prison of light
Timelines
Worldlines
The vertical axis of spacetime
Spacetime diagrams and worldlines - B
Quantifying the speed of light representation
Two inertial frames in relative motion
Worldlines and inertial reference frames
Worldlines in a moving reference frame
Coordinates in a moving reference frame
An event Q
Length contraction
Time-like axis calibration
Invariant spacetime intervals, simultaneity and the twin paradox
Invariant quantities
Invariant spacetime intervals
Example of a spacetime interval
Events and simultaneity in spacetime diagrams
Simultaneity with Lorentz transformations
Simultaneity with light
The twin paradox
A journey into space: out and back
Paradox resolved
Three spacetime diagrams drawn to scale
Torque
Equilibrium
Moment of inertia
Uniform angular acceleration
Rolling without slipping
Newton's second law revisited
Angular momentum
Internal energy and work done
Internal energy of an ideal gas
Work done on/by a gas
The first law of thermodynamics
pV diagrams
Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics
The Planck statement
The Clausius statement
The Kelvin statement
Thermodynamic cycles
The Carnot cycle
Image formation by lenses
The converging or convex lens
The diverging or concave lens
Power of a lens
Drawing a scaled ray diagram
The converging or convex lens
Practising drawing ray diagrams
The diverging or concave lens
Practising drawing rays diagrams of a diverging or concave lens
Wavefronts and image formation
The lens formula and linear magnification
The lens formula
Linear Magnification
Combining two lenses and aberrations
Aberrations
Combining two lenses
Chromatic aberration
The magnifying glass and angular magnification
Angular magnification
Image at infinity
Image at the near point
Curved mirrors
Ray diagram of a concave mirror
Practising ray diagrams for concave mirrors
Uses of concave mirrors
Checking your ray diagrams
Ray diagram of a convex mirror
Parabolic mirrors
The mirror formula
Stars happen
Stellar parallax
Parallax: different viewpoints give different views
Distance units
The parsec
Limitations of parallax for measuring stellar distances
Learning from starlight
How bright – photometry
What colour – spectrometry
Planetary systems
Eight planets
Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
The Oort Cloud
Comets
Exoplanets
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
Stellar clusters
Open clusters
Spectroscopic distance measurement
The age of a cluster
Stellar masses
The Cepheids and other galaxies
Stellar evolution
The changing universe
The expanding universe
The creation of space and time
The accelerating universe
Optical compound microscopes
Telescopes
Optical fibers
Types of optical fibres and dispersion
Attenuation and types of communication cables