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Digestive and Urinary System Imogen Ecal Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive and Urinary System Imogen Ecal Per.1
Nephron anatomy and physiology
renal corpuscle
glomerulus: porous capillaries that allow for efficient filtrate formation
glomerular capsule/Bowman's capsule: hollow structure surrounding glomerulus - filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into capsular space (foot processes cling onto basement membrane
parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries - branching epithelial podocytes
renal tube and collecting duct
renal tube is around 3 cm long - single layer epithelial cells
proximal convoluted tubule (proximal and closest to renal corpuscle)
cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border - increases surface area and functions in reabsorption and secretion
nephron loop/loop of Henle: U-shaped structure
descending limb: proximal part of descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule, distal portion (descending thin limb) made up of simple squamous epithelium
ascending limb: thick and thin in some nephrons, cuboidal or columnar cells
distal convoluted tubule (distal and farthest from renal corpuscle)
cuboidal cells with very few microvilli and function more in secretion than absorption
collecting ducts (distal convoluted tubule drains here)
principal cells: sparse with short microvilli and maintain water and Na+ balance
intercalated cells: cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli - has two types: A and B which both function to help maintain acid-base balance of blood
receive filtrate from nephrons, run through medullary pyramids and give it their stripes; the ducts fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
Major functions of the digestive system
absorb molecules into the bloodstream
get rid of any indigestible remains
break it down into nutrient molecules
digestion
take in food
absorption
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Urinary System
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): most common in women, not life threatening, risk factors include menopausal, pregnant, and sexually active women
Bladder Cancer: body cells grow out of control, it starts in the inside lining and can include tumors; risk factors include smoking or if family members have it
Kidney Stones: urine has high levels of minerals and salts which causes hard stones to form, causes include dehydration, chronic UTIs, and neurological disorders
Digestive System
Cholecystitis: inflammation of gall bladder, it is caused by blockage of the gall duct by gallstones or digestive tumors
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): chronic disease that occurs when esophageal sphincter relaxes and contents of stomach go back up to the esophagus, it is caused by frequent acid reflux, a weakened esophageal sphincter, and obesity
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in digestive tract, it's causes are unknown
Peptic Ulcers: sores that develop in the lining of the stomach of duodenum, causes include an imbalance in gastric juices and excess acid production
hemorrhoids: inflamed veins in the rectum or anus, causes include straining during bowel movement, obesity, or anal intercourse
colorectal cancer: uncontrolled cell growth in colon, causes include intestinal diseases, hereditary, or diet
Major functions of the urinary system
filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product
Balance the body's fluids
Major organs of the digestive system
alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract): continuous muscular tube from the mouth to the anus; functions to digest and absorb
organs
stomach
small intestine
esophagus
large intestine
pharynx
anus
mouth
accessory digestive organs
teeth
tongue
gallbladder
digestive glands
liver
pancreas
salivary glands
Major organs of the urinary system
Urinary Bladder: temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra: transports urine out of body
Ureters: transport urine fro kidneys to urine bladder
Kidney: regulate total water volume, ion concentration,
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
the exocrine function of the pancreas is to secrete pancreatic juice
Amylase (for carbohydrates)
Lipases (for lipids)
Proteases (for proteins): secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
Nucleases (for nucleic acids)
salivary glands: saliva cleanses the mouth, dissolves food chemicals for taste, moistens food and compacts into bolus, and Begins breakdown of starch with enzyme amylase
serous cells: produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, and some mucin
mucus cells: produce mucus
liver: the liver produces lipase which works together with bile, which your liver produces, to break down fat in your diet
kidneys produce enzymes such as renin which regulates RBC production
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Protein: in stomach and small intestine; path of absorption: amino acids absorbed via cotransport with Na+, dipeptides and tripeptides absorbed via cotransport with H+ and hydrolyzed into amino acids, amino acids leave and enter capillary blood
Fat: unemulsified triglycerides turn into monoglycerides and fatty acids; recombined to form triglycerides and then combined with other lipids and proteins with other cells
Carbohydrate: located in the mouth and small intestine; path of absorption: glucose and galactose absorbed with Na+, fructose passes via facilitated diffusion, monosaccharides leave and enter capillary blood into villi
Nucleic Acid: Nucleic Acid: turn into pentose sugars, N-containing bases, and phosphate ions; units enter intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers; units absorbed into capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Alimentary Canal
Submucosa: consists of areolar connective tissue, contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues, it has elastic tissues which help organs to regain shape after storing a large meal
Muscularis Externa: muscle layer responsible for peristalsis and segmentation, contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers, thickened parts form sphincters
Mucosa: tunic layer that lines lumen - innermost layer; functions: secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones, absorbs end products of digestion, and protects against infectious diseases
Serosa: outermost layer which is made up of visceral peritoneum
Stomach
Mucosal Barrier: protects the stomach, it has a thick layer of bicarbonate-rich mucus and surface replace themselves every 3-6 days