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Unit 9 Social Psychology focus on the situation. They study the social…

- - - - Actor Observer Bias
        a. Opposite of fundamental attribution error
        b. people attribute their behavior to external causes instead of internal causes like our personality traits or work ethic.
        
        B. Articulate the impact of social and cultural categories on self-concept and relations with others.
        Self-Serving Bias
        The self-serving bias is people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.
        factor affects our attribution
        -culture, Asian people collectivist cultures are more sensitive to the power of the situation.
        
        Self-Schema
        how we view ourselves.
        a. mental categories
        b. formed from experiences
        c. used to organize our world
        They are made up of many categories such as but not at all limited to following,
        a. gender (where you [lace yourself along a spectrum of socially constructed characteristics)
        b. race
        c. ethnicity
        
        Just -World Hypothesis
        the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
        e.g. Someone belongs in jail because he is an immoral person
        
        the just-world phenomenon lead to prejudice
        a. The just-world phenomenon reflects the common idea that good is rewarded and evil is punished.
        b. It is easy then to assume that those who succeed must be good and those who suffer must be bad.
        
        False Consensus Effect
        Attributional type of cognitive bias whereby people tend to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are normal and typical of those of others
        
        C. Anticipate the impact of self-fulfilling prophecy on behavior.
        Self-fulfilling Prophecy
        a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
        Perceptions can become self-fulfilling prophecies—beliefs that confirm themselves by influencing the other person to react in ways that seem to justify them.
- - - - -foot-in-the-door phenomenon
        the tendency for people who have first agreed to a
        small request to comply later with a larger request
        -Door in the Face Approach
        a. The persuader asks for a large request that the
        respondent will most likely turn down, much like
        a metaphorical slamming of a door in the
        persuader’s face.
        b. The respondent is then more likely to agree to a
        second, more reasonable request, than if that
        same request is made in isolation
  - - - What is cognitive dissonance theory
        Leon Festinger’s theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) or our thoughts and behaviors
        are inconsistent
        For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting
        dissonance by changing our attitudes.
        
        4 ways ro reduce cognitive dissonance
        a. deny dissonant elements
        b. reducing the importance of dissonant elements
        c. adding the importance of other elements
        d. change the action causing dissonance all together
- - - - -Informational social influence
        Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’
        opinions about reality.
        When we accept others’ opinions about reality, as when reading
        online movie and restaurant reviews, we are responding to
        informational social influence.
        
        -Compliance
        a. changing one's behavior due to the request or direction of
        another person.
        b. It is not conformity - here the request is explicitly made.
        c. It is commonly called obedience.
- - - - -Bystander Effect
        Occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation.
        -Diffusion of responsibility
        People are less likely to help someone
        if they are in a group because they believe that other people are more qualified.
        -Social Exchange Theory
        Relationships are made up of a certain amount of give-and-take.
        We need to feel that we get back what we put in to a relationship.
        -Reciprocity Norm
        A social norm where if someone does something for you, you then feel obligated to return the favor.
        -Social Trap
        People act to obtain short-term individual gains which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole.
        -Prisoner’s Dilemma
        -Superordinate Goals
        goals that require the cooperation of two or more people or groups to achieve, which usually results in rewards to the groups.
        
        A prisoner's dilemma
        is a situation where individual decision-makers always have an incentive to choose in a way that creates a less than optimal outcome for the individuals as a group. The prisoner's dilemmas occur in many aspects of the economy.