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THE EUROPEAN REFORMATION - Coggle Diagram
THE EUROPEAN REFORMATION
GENERAL INFO
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Historians usually date the start of the Protestant Reformation to the 1517 publication of Martin Luther's "95 Theses". Luther and the other reformers became the first to skilfully use the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience.
In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice.
Between 1518 and 1525, Luther published more works than the next 17 most prolific reformers combined.
The 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.
GERMANY & LUTHERANISM
Sheltered by Friedrich, elector of Saxony, Luther translated the Bible into German and continued his output of vernacular pamphlets.
When German peasants, inspired in part by Luther's empowering "priesthood of all believers," revolted in 1524, Luther difed with Germany's princes.
Although he had hoped to spur renewal from within the church, in 1521 he was summoned before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated.
By the Reformation's end, Lutheranism had become the state religion throughout much of Germany, Scandinavia and the Baltics.
Martin Luther was an Augustinian monk and uni lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his "95 Theses" which protested the pope's sale of reprieves from penance, or indulgences.
Still accepted the idea that the bread and wine became the body and blood of Christ, but most reformers didn't believe this.
Luther didn't attack the abuses of the Church, but called for a doctrinal reformation.
SWITZERLAND & CALVINISM
The result was a theocratic regime of enforced, austere morality.
Calvin's Geneva became a hotbed for Protestant exiles, and his doctrines quickly spread to Scotland, France, Transylvania and the Low Countries, where Dutch Calvinism became a religious and economic force for the next 400 years.
In 1541 John Calvin, a French Protestant who had spent the previous decade in exile writing his "Institutes of the Christian Religion," was invited to settle in Geneva and put his Reformed doctrine - which stressed God's power and humanity's predestined fate - into practice.
In Catholic countries, the dead were seen as still part of the community. The most shocking thing about the Reformation for the people was that they were forbidden to pray for their dead family members. Calvin conducted a campaign in Geneva to stop widows putting candles on their husband's grave.
The Swiss Reformation began in 1519 with the sermons of Ulrich Zwingli, whose teachings largely paralleled Luther's.
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EAMON DUFFY, PODCAST NOTES
The Catholic Church also went through a series of reforms - transformation of the papacy, rise of new religious orders, creation of seminaries to train a more professional clergy.
The term Reformation is wrong - suggests what was there before needed reforming. 'The Stripping of the Altars' suggested Christianity was in good shape, very popular.Was more dismantled than reformed. Several recent studies have either pluralised Reformation to be reformations, or dropped the capital R.
Took generations to train people out of older patterns - many areas of the North West where Catholicism was never eradicated.
Saint John Fisher called on Charles V to depose Henry VIII as he saw Henry as an enemy of the Church - executed.
There'd been a series of reform movements and attempts at reform right through the 15th and early 16th century, e.g. the Fifth Council of the Lateran which attempted to clean up the life of the Catholic Church.
Can see the effects of the Reformation today, e.g. singing hymns at football matches. Has been fading in the last century, e.g. people are more aware of what was lost in the Reformation, the destruction of art, demolition of great buildings and the monastic life. Create shrines, leave candles when somebody dies - Catholic gestures.
"There's a price tag on religion and religion is about secular power as well as about theological realities".