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RUM 511: Udder Herd Health, Beef Herd Health - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Use a Strip Cup to ID Mastitis Cows AT EVERY MILKING
        
        Milk must not go into tank
        
        Timely ID increases chance of successful Tx
        
        Benefits in cows without mastitis
        
        Stimulates let down reflex
        
        Discard first portion of milk often containing high bacterial levels
  - - - Indication
        
        Muddy environment
        
        ⬇ herd SCC
        
        ⬆herd SCC
      - Liner Slip
        
        Causes
        
        Before Milking
        
        Use of Pre-Teat dip with lanolin and glycerin
        
        Hasn't "let-down" yet -> teats are thin and don't fit fully into liner
        
        Liner not pushed up far enough
        
        During Milking
        
        Machine Problem
        
        After Milking
        
        Assymetric udder - atrophy
      - Characteristics of a Good Pre-teat dip
        
        Must not leave ABx residues (If residues found in milk upon pickup -> none of the milk is useable)
        
        Short action time
      - Application
        
        Pre Clean Teats
        
        Organic material may inactivate teat dip
        
        Use a small amount of water on the TEATS ONLY (not entire udder) -> prevents muddy water running off into the milk line
        
        Dry well with papertowel (also serves as stimulation)
        
        Pre Dip
        
        Best method: Non return cup
        
        Ensure entire teat is covered, to the base of the teat where the clusters will attach
        
        Spray bottles not as effective
        
        Use strip cup (Reasons above)
        
        Allow contact time of 15-30s
        
        Dry Wipe
        
        Attach clusters
        
        Time from touch to cluster = 30-60s, MAX 90s
        
        After milking - Post Teat Dip - COMPULSORY (teat canal open) Not necessary to dip as high as with Pre teat dip
    - - Requirements
        
        Should not leave residues (low) ➡ don't want it to end up in milking system
        
        Should not damage the teat skin (pH)
        
        Should not be affected by organic material
        
        Should destroy the pathogens on the surface. Can test efficacy against these specific pathogens in the lab
        
        Should have a residual protection of 8 -12 hours till next milking and work within 4h
        
        Same pH and active ingredient as Pre-dip: don't interfere with resident bacteria
      - ALWAYS DONE!
      - Targets Cow to cow transmitted bacteria (Host adapted)
  - - - Faster Milking
      - Higher milk yeild
      - Increased milkfat -> premium price
      - Less damage to teats
    - - Physical stimulation
      - Testing with strip cup
  - - - Milk shouldn't go to bulk tank
      - ID sooner ➡ Tx sooner ➡ heal faster
      - let down reflex
      - first milk contains 🦠 from teat canal
    - - Ideally, completely discard - high levels of bacteria
      - Do NOT use for calves, but if you do
        
        Pasteurization but doesn't kill all 🦠(Max - 200 CFU) and increase milk quality - protein, lactose, butterfat, minerals
        
        NEVER give to calf < 2 weeks ➡⬆Scepticaemia, absorption of immune cell very good at this stage via the GIT, thus do not wanna give this milk with pathogens
        
        Do not give to calves sharing cages- heifers calves may suckle on teats of each other -> mastitis / dead quarter when calving down
    - - Bucket method
        
        ✅water sucked into cluster
        
        ❌dipping into bucket → contaminating water
      - Back flushing - Dositron – must make sure water runs out of all liners
      - go deep into liner >12cm (spray method not effective)
    - - Not looking while stripping - will not notice changes
      - Stripping on the floor - must be clean
      - Incomplete disinfection of hands between cows
  - - - Attached too early / left on too long- "Aftermilking"
        
        Signs of Over / After Milking
        
        Swollen Teat Base
        
        Distinct ring after cluster removal
      - No use of teat plug if a teat is not being milked
      - Blocking of air bleed tube with dirt etc
      - Overpressure
        
        Too low pressure
        
        Oedema bc blood cannot be moved out of the udder
        
        Too High Pressure
        
        Hyperkeratosis due to collapsed teat canal + tissue -> more susceptible to bacterial infiltration
        
        Collapsed teat canal -> compromised immune system of the teat
        
        Causes
        
        Milking @ lowflow rate
        
        Incorrect level and rate of Pulsation
        
        Incorrect line characteristics
    - - Vacuum cut too quickly -> cluster unit falls on the floor
      - Vacuum cut too slow -> unit pulls a lot on teats -> damage. Similar effect to "aftermilking"
- - - - Safety mechanism that prevents fluid from reaching vacuum pump → prevent damage
    - - Creates vacuum
    - - 2x2 / alternate system
      - Alternates atmospheric air (massage phase) and vacuum (milking phase) in pulsation chamber
      - Heart of the system
      - allows air in and closes it off
- - - - Possible sources
        
        Water
        
        Associated with "hard" water -> Ca/ Mg- binds disinfectant
        
        Effluent contaminating pasture (good for pasture growth(
        
        Teat Dip
        
        Intra-Mammary Remedy / Dry Cow Remedy: must be handled correctly to prevent contamination
        
        Humans?
      - Affects weak, high producers, stressed (dairy cows just dried off)
    - - Acute death with single high exposure
    - - Blue/Black Udder
    - - Remove and dispose of all rubber parts in milking machine
      - Disinfection of water
        
        Chlorination: 5ppm for >1h. Must not be exposed to Sunlight or Organic Material
        
        ⚠ High Cl corrodes SS + reduces the lifespan of rubber
        
        Filters
        
        Ozone: Needs 35m contact time
      - REMOVE ACESS TO WATER SOURCE / associated pasture
      - Long Term Prevention
        
        Test water every 6m, Fence off Ponds / water drainage areas , DO NOT use effluent on Pasture
        
        Parlour: Replace hoses annually, replace all rubbers if PSE detected, disinfect all equipment after use
      - Control of PSE Positive Cows
        
        Cannot be milked in the parlour, milk must be discarded
    - - ~0% success rate...
      - Usually remain positive for life, reason for culling
    - - Cost of Replacement Cows @ R15 000 each
      - Decreased milk production due to discarding of Milk
  - - - Cows in early lactation and the high producers, BEST COWS. Immune system ⬇
      - from 7 days prior calving to 100 days in lactation
      - Herd with a low SCC (good management
      - moist & hot climate
      - teat canal damage
    - - may lead to endotoxic shock
      - Tx with bacteriostatic drugs NOT bacteriocidal drugs
    - - Vaccination
        
        Prior to dry period
        
        Booster prior to calving
        
        when vaccinated might still get infection but will be a mild case
  - - - Dry cow Rx
      - Bedding management (TMR herds)
      - Pasture based herds –don’t use slurry on pastures
      - Ubae (Hipra) Vaccine
  - - - SCC mostly 3x that of normal
      - affects bulk tank which affects farmer's pay check
- - - - Blue udder
      - keep leg up (pain)
      - don’t eat
      - can die within 2-3 days
    - - Staphylococcus aureus
      - Trueperella pyogenes
      - Mannheimia haemolytica
    - - Gangrenous udder (S. aureus)
      - harden udder (Mannheimia)
      - udder abscess (Trueperella)
    - - Vaccination (Blue udder vaccine)
        
        Mannheimia haemolyticaand toxoid from Staphylococcus aureus
        
        Vaccinate twice
        
        6 weeks & 2 weeks prior to kidding
        
        booster 2 weeks prior to kidding each following year
      - prevent udder swelling
        
        Reduce feed intake 3 days prior to weaning
        
        cut concentrate so that milk production is lower at drying off
      - ID lumps prior to breeding
        
        Palpate udders after weaning
        
        DO NOT BREED if there are lumps
      - Prophylactic intra-mammary Dry goat/sheep cow treatment
      - Outbreak
        
        separate infected ewes and kids
        
        Teat spraying reduces the incidence of mastitis
  - - - goat milk has globulins and other things that may be counted as cells if incorrect machine is used
- - - - Biofilm➡avoids/evades phagocytes
      - intermittent shedding
      - intracellular
    - - Teat skin
      - teat lines
      - communal clothing of milkers
      - contaminated hands
      - humans 👃🏾👄
    - - microbiology and cell count
      - might not always detect it if below threshold line
      - milk sample from all 4 teats in 1 tube
    - - poor px/healing
      - good px/healing
        
        late lactation
        
        low SCC
        
        heifers
        
        front teat
        
        1-2 teats
    - - vaccination: Startvac
- - - - Process
        
        Keep 150% of requirement from weaning (16-20% replacement rate)
        
        Short breeding season (select best) of 42d
        
        Keep those that conceive in 21d (60%)
        
        Cull those that conceive after 21d (24%)
        
        Slaughter non pregnant
      - NB Indices 💡
        
        weaning mass index
        
        weaning mass/ group average x 100
        
        compares an animal’s performance to the group’s average, will ID best performers
        
        Dam Efficiency
        
        Calf weaning mass (corrected to 205 d) ÷(dam mass @ weaning) 0.75
        
        An indication of mothering ability
        
        Kleiber ratio
        
        K = (ADG) ÷ (corrected 205d weaning mass) ^ 0,75
        
        Measure FCE at weaning, high lifetime repeatability
    - - Good pelvic diameter use pelvimeter
      - select heifers that conceive early
  - - - 1st calving @ 85%
      - 2nd calving @ 95% (~475kg)
      - 1st breeding @ 67% adult mass (335kg), ~ 1y
    - - PD
      - Conception rates, calving profile,BCS
      - Categorize animals on age (separate parameters)
        
        Heifers
        
        1st calvers
        
        2nd calvers
        
        Mature
      - Reasons for delayed / incnsistent conception
        
        Cows not cycling at start: Lack of sufficient time after calving? • Condition at calving?
        
        Inadequate nutrition
        
        Bull infertility
        
        Venereal disease
      - Onset of ideal breeding season = median calving date - 18d - 283d (Date bull must go in)
        
        Adult cows must calve around max rainfall, Heifers must calf 1m before
    - - Managing a long Calving season
        
        Gradually shorten the breeding season
  - - - Of the remaining 40%, 60% must conceive in 42d (Second O cycle) = TOTAL 84% PREGNANCY
    - - allow heifers to calve down early so they can replenish BCS as they are both lactating and still growing
      - give her 1 extra month to recover before next breeding season
    - - Quality of colostrum in first calversmay be lower →higher risk of esp. enteropathogens
        
        separate first time calvers from older cows
      - closed herd
  - - - Keep calves from heifers separate from cow calves: heifers produce lower quality colostrum- more susceptible to enteropathogens
      - Closed herd, good hygiene, no crowding
      - Target: <2% mortality
  - - - Supplementation
        
        Separate into low mass and HM group - LM gets higher E lick
        
        Provide protein lick + Vit A injection
      - If dam calves too late, calved weaned onto poor quality sourveld
    - - Encourage compensatory growth with Monensin in an early Summer Lick to supplement low E lush grass
      - Vaccination for Black Quarter, LSD, RVF
    - - High nutrient intake to allow 67% body weight by 12m
        
        High Weaning Mass Group (>220)
        
        Fed additional 2kg concentrate daily to gain 0,4-0,5kg
        
        Low Weaning Mass Group (160-220)
        
        Fed additional 3kg concentrate daily to gain 0,7kg per day. Moved to HM if mass improves
    - - Maintain ADG to achieve critical minimum breeding mass at 2y
        
        Production Lick (Energy & Protein) during the 2nd winter-June-Sept (Frist Winter not as NB)
        
        Best grazing, Supplement hay/ silage
- - - - LINK 2: Transformation of grass into beef
      - LINK 3: Transformation of beef into money
      - LINK 1: Transformation of sunlight, water, air & soil elements into grass
    - - ⬆Value (Rc)/ kg product: Most difficult to control Carcass& hide (product) quality
        
        Eliminate losses from physical damage & parenteral administrations; too small hides (lower grade)
      - ̄⬇Input costs: Can be controlled
        
        ⬇Supplementary feeding costs
        
        ⬇ use efficiently & strategically of stock remedy (medication), e.g use alternative medication that's cheaper and still effective
      - ⬆ kg beef per head and kg beef per Ha: Least difficult to control
        
        Growth rate
        
        Eliminating/minimising erosive conditions in growing stock
        
        Dam nutrition for lactation synchronised with environmental resources (pasture quality)
        
        Fertility
        
        Increased reproductive rate
        
        Decreased morbidity & mortality through an efficient health plan
    - - Monthly AU (carrying capacity?), influenced by feed resources available
      - Monthly DMI requirements
        
        fodder flow requirements
        
        supplements required
      - Stock remedies required
      - Needs to be done
        
        @ highest feed resources End of Feb
        
        @ lowest feed resources, end of winter (Sept)
  - - - Nutrient concentration
      - Palatability
      - digestability
    - - grass type/ spp (A)
        
        Mainly poor grazing grasses present1-5
        
        Moderate and poor grasses mixed6-10
        
        Mainly moderate grazing grasses present11-15
        
        Good and moderate grazing grasses mixed 16-20
        
        Mainly good grazing grasses present21-25
      - cover density
        
        Very sparse with large bare areas1-5
        
        Sparse with some bare areas6-10
        
        Moderate with small bare patches11-15
        
        Good with only little soil exposure16-20
        
        Dense with no soil visible21-25
      - grass vitality (C)
      - Ax1 (I); Bx1 (II); Cx2 (III) Dx3 (IV); IxIIx4 (V)
        I + II + III + IV + V = final score
      - soil surface (D)
        
        Moderate levels of topsoil loss3
        
        Slight levels of topsoil loss5
        
        Topsoil not well covered but no visible loss 7
        
        The topsoil well covered with no topsoil loss 10
        
        Severe levels of topsoil loss1
      - Bush Encroachment
        
        Heavy bush encroachment1
        
        Heavy to medium2
        
        Medium 4
        
        Medium to light6
        
        Only light8
        
        No bush encroachment10
      - Soil Type
        
        Sandy soil 1
        
        Sandy loam soil 5
        
        Loam soil 7
        
        Clay loam 5
        
        Clay soil 3
      - Grass Species Diversity
        
        3 – 4 species 2
        
        1 -2 species 1
        
        5 – 6 species 3
        
        7 – 8 species 4 :
        
        9 – 10 species 5
    - - end of grazing period
      - prior to introduction to cattle on the camp
  - - - Summer/ growing season
        
        you graze half and leave half behind
      - Winter / dormant season
        
        you graze 2/3 and leave 1/3 behind
  - - - Restoration of the mineral cycle
      - Improved nutritional value of grass
      - Improved penetration of water into soil
      - Improved aeration of soil
      - Increased profits
      - Higher rate of faeces & urine (N, K, P) deposition per unit area (free fertilizer deposition)
      - Reduce supplement intake
- - - - 1-2m BEFORE CALVING
        
        If > 20% has a BCS < 2.5
        
        Supply extra E, ⚠ protein
      - 1-2m BEFORE WEANING
        
        IF >20% has BCS of <2
        
        wean earlier
        
        supplement extra energy
  - - - Protein
      - indication
        
        dry season/winter
        
        when dietary crude protein is <7%
        
        Esp on Sourveld
      - Rumen degradable protein
        
        include sulphur N:S 15:1
        
        MAX 80-120g urea (RDP)/day for adapted cows
        
        Min 7-8% needed for normal rumen microbial function
      - Precautions
        
        Ensure constant daily intake to prevent overeating & urea poisoning - Takes3-4w for rumen microbes to adapt
        
        remedy for urea poisoning💡
        
        VINEGAR
        
        Mix vinegar with equal amounts of water
        
        calves or large sheep: give half a bottle
        
        per head of cattle: 2 to 4 bottles
        
        No free access to hungry animals
        
        Feed salt / phosphate lick to 7d prior
        
        Protect from rain
    - - pearson square
    - - Indication
        
        Late Dry Season (Late Winter): Natural grazing low in protein, E, Minerals- poor veld
        
        Early lactating / thin cows
        
        Build up condition of animals before sale
      - Higher E vs Protein Lick
      - Aim
        
        Maintain condition => reconception
    - - Contains P and Na, ensure Ca:P 1:1 to 2:1
      - Indication
        
        Young animals - allows economic growth