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Geography paper 1, Paper 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - when two plate boundaries move apart causing magma to rise up.
      - As the magma rises up , weak earthquakes and shield volcanoes with runny lava can form
    - - When tectonic plates move past each other and as they past each other , they inter lock. This causes a pressure difference to form whereby one day , the pressure will be released causing Earthquakes to form.
      - Earthquakes can form.
    - - types
        
        continental - when two continental plates ram into each other , they can cause mountain ranges to form.
        
        oceanic - When two plates are pushed into each other. if one of the plates is an oceanic plate , the oceanic plate will subduct under the denser continental plate.
      - Mega thrust earthquakes form at these boundary's.
  - - - In certain parts of the mantle , heat causes magma to rise. when it has risen to the top , it spreads out and starts to cool down. when this happens , it begins to sink back down until a pressure difference causes it to go back to where it started. when this occurs , the cycle continues.
  - - - 300,000 people died
      - 1,500,000 people were left homeless.
      - The presidential Palace was Destroyed.
      - Much if the road infilstructure was damaged.
      - 300,000 people were left injured.
    - - Cholera outbreak was due to poor water and sanitary conditions.
      - Crime was rampant as criminals escaped from prisons.
      - The economy was hit hard.
    - - Humanitarian aid was delivered.
      - The Dominican republic was first to respond sending in doctors etc.
      - many countries sent medical help , water and food.
      - temporary hospitals were set up.
    - - 98% of the rubble was set to be cleared yet only 2 % of all rubble was cleared by the next year.
      - crime rates rose
      - 100,000,000 was raised to help out
        
        However , only 43& of all the money raised up was actually delivered.
      - 2 years later , 500,000 people lived in refugee camps.
      - Total damage was around $ 8 billion in damages.
  - - - 185 people died.
      - 2000 people were injured.
      - 50% of the city was damaged.
      - the city's cathedral tower collapsed.
      - The water and sewage pipes were broken , preventing clean water.
    - - schools and Businesses were disrupted
      - The city of Christchurch could not hold the five Rugby world cup matches.
    - - 900 million was claimed in building insurance.
      - water and sewage was restored in august of 2011.
      - Temporary housing was provided.
      - Container market stalls were shipped in form china in order to help boost the economy.
    - - Aid workers from charities such as the Red Cross and Oxfam came to help.
      - arround 6 million in international aid was given.
      - 300 Australian police officers were flown in.
      - Areas were zoned to assess damage.
  - - - Inner Core
      - Crust
      - Outer Core
      - Mantle
  - - - Millions of people live around volcanos or where volcanoes are a daily occurrence.
      - Volcanoes
        
        Volcanoes provide fertile soil.
        
        Volcanoes provide minerals and ores.
        
        Volcanoes provide tourism.
        
        Volcanoes provide Geothermal Energy.
      - Earthquakes
        
        Feeling safe (never experiencing an earthquake)
        
        lack of education.
        
        Arrogance
    - - Mitigation means lessening the effects of a certain thing. in general , it makes it easier to deal with by making it better for people to live in.
      - Volcanoes
        
        education - earthquake day in California and in Christchurch , Earthquake drills were important in keeping the death toll low.
        
        Monitoring volcanoes
        
        Prediction
        
        planning (evacuation plans)
      - Earthquakes
        
        Education
        
        Preparing
        
        Grab bags - back packs which are things that are important for one's survival.
        
        Earthquake resistant Buildings (Cross - bracing) which allows the building to sway.
        
        Tanned mass dampers provide a counterweight.
        
        Built on shock absorbers.
        
        Built deep into the ground.
- - - - Up to 50 Cm of snow in parts of Dartmoor and south-east wales.
      - Gusts of 60-70 in parts Northern England and Wales.
      - Snow drifts were high as 7 meters in some places,
      - Many coastlines were issued flooding warnings.
      - 3 deaths were reported as a result of the beast from the east.
    - - British Airways had to cancel houndreds of flights
      - The weather costed the UK millions
      - The insurance cost was over 10 million
      - Supermarkets saw a rush of customers as panic buying became more common.
  - - - Instrumental reading
        
        For the last 100 years , the earths average temperature has increased by 0,8 degrees Celsius and the rate of temperature increase has sped up.
      - Retreating glaciers and shrinking ice sheets.
        
        Data shows that the majority of the worlds glaciers are shrinking , significantly in the arctic ice sheets which have thinned by half within the last 30 years.
      - Ice cores
        
        Scientists have drilled out a huge core of ice in Antarctica. the air trapped in the bubbles can be analyzed to show that the earth is cooler than now. It gives very strong links between CO2 concentrations and temperature.
      - Pollen
        
        /null/
    - - Natural causes
        
        Volcanic activity
        
        Volcanic activity can reduce global temperatures because the dust of the ash can into the atmosphere and the Sulphur dioxide can causes aerosols to be formed. these volcanic materials reflect the suns radiation back into space , cooling the earth in the process.
        
        Sun spots
        
        Sun spots are storms on the surface of the sun that are marked by intense activity and play apart in solar flares. increased sunspot activity has been linked to increased temperatures.
        
        Variation in Orbit.
        
        the Earth posses an elliptical orbit which means there are periodic in time where the earth is closer and further away from the sun.
      - Man made
        
        Fossil fuels
        
        We use fossile files including coal , oil and gas to generate power/
        
        Fossile fuels are made from Hydrocarbos
        
        When they are burnt , they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
        
        Agriculture
        
        Producing food globally sues a lot of fuels in the production of fertilizers and pesticides. cattle ranch farming produces methane which is more than 21 times more harmful as a greenhouse gas compared too Carbon dioxide.
        
        Changing large areas of forests into farm land can release a lot of carbon dioxide.
        
        Deforestation
        
        Forests play a major role in the fight against global warming.
        
        Forests are carbon sinks that absorb carbon dioxide from the ground and from the surrounding.
        
        When forests are logged , it releases the carbon dioxide stored within the trees into the surrounding.
        
        20 % of the worlds carbon dioxide emissions are from deforestation.
      - Managing climate change
        
        Mitigation
        
        The action taken to reduce or illuminate the long term risk to human life and property from natural Hazards.
        
        Strategies
        
        Aforestation
        
        Afforestation refers to the planting of Trees
        
        Trees act as a carbon sink , absorbing the CO2.
        
        International agreements.
        
        Climate change is an international crisis.
        
        The Earth summit was agreed that nearly every country would try to cut down their carbon emissions . The UN paris climate talks found made it legally binding.
        
        Carbon capture
        
        The CO2 is turned into a dense liquid.
        
        It is then pumped into the rock layers.
        
        Carbon is captured before it is released into the atmosphere.
        
        Alternative energy
        
        Wind
        
        The energy derived from the wind.
        
        Advantages
        
        3 more items...
        
        Disadvantages
        
        2 more items...
        
        Solar Power
        
        Nuclear
        
        The energy released when radioactive materials are split.
        
        Advantages
        
        1 more item...
        
        Disadvantages
        
        1 more item...
        
        Hydroelectric
        
        The energy generated from the movement of water.
        
        Advantages
        
        2 more items...
        
        Disadvantages
        
        1 more item...
        
        Adaptation
        
        Adaptations are the actions taken to adjust to natural events such as climate change and to reduce potential damage.
        
        Adaptatoipm strategies
- - - - When the air is rising in the Hadley cell , you tend to get clouds and rain. if it occurs over the sea , it picks up some of the moisture and then when it reaches land , it can cause Tropical rain forest.
  - - - Typhoon - East Asia (Japan)
      - Cyclone (Indian Ocean)
      - Hurricanes (Atlantic)
    - - As it sinks back down , the air becomes wormer and gets drawn into the place where the convection current was started.
        
        The air begins to move outwards as it becomes colder and starts to create a convection cell.
        
        An area of high pressure forms in the center , creating the eye of the storm.
        
        As the air rises , it begins to lose heat and begins to condense forming Kumalo nimbus clouds.
        
        The sun heats sea temperatures to 27 Degrees. this casuses the air to rise.
        
        The trade winds push the Tropical Storms to the west.
        
        When it reaches the land , all the energy is lost due to friction and lack of moisture.
        
        The formation of Tropical storms can cause a storm surge.
        
        The Coriolis effect causes the tropical terms to form.
    - - Wind
      - Storm Surge
      - Rain
    - - Secondary effects
        
        14 million people were effected.
        
        flooding caused landslides and roads to be blocked.
        
        6,000,000 people lost their sources of income.
        
        There were outbreaks of diseases
        
        There were power and food shortages
        
        Job loss and education
        
        Looting and violence took place.
        
        Fishing communities were affected by the storm destroying 30,000 boats,
        
        Major Rice and Corn and Sugar producing areas were destroyed which affected the countries GDP
      - Immediate term
        
        international aid was sent in the form of water , food and shelter.
        
        Search and rescue teams were sent out.
        
        1200 emergency shelters were set up.
      - Primary effects
        
        6300 people were killed.
        
        600,000 people were displaced form their homes.
        
        40,000 homes were damaged.
        
        90% of Tacloban was destroyed.
        
        30,000 fishing boats were destroyed.
        
        400 ml of rainfall caused flooding
        
        Storm surge
        
        500 litters of oil spilt contaminating the water.
      - Long term
        
        Financial aid was given
        
        Build Back Better scheme was intended to help rebuild the countries infilstructructure.
        
        Cash for work programs were set up
        
        Homes were built away from food areas.
    - - Monitoring
        
        Using scientific devices to watch for storms.
      - Predicting
        
        Deciding , based on facts , how storms will act.
      - Protection
        
        Insuring that areas can withstand storms.
      - Planning
        
        Making sure people know what to do.
      - Buildings
        
        No windows
        
        Raised from the ground
        
        Rounded edges allow the wind to go around
- - - - Mitigation
        
        Mitigation is the reduction of climate change in hopes that climate change slows down or stops. this strategy involves coming up with ways to reduce the green house effect,**
        
        Alternative energy supplies.
        
        Geothermal
        
        Solar power
        
        Hydroelectric
        
        Biomass
        
        Nuclear power
        
        Carbon capture schemes.
        
        Carbon capture and storage is the process of capturing carbon dioxide that is usually emitted from fissile fuel burning , and then storing it underground,
        
        It is a developing technology but has a lot of promise. Up to 90% of all carbon dioxide in the industry could be stored this way.
        
        Afforestation
        
        Trees act as a carbon sink because of the fact that they absorb carbon in the process
        
        Trees also provide moisture which creates clouds and aids inthe reflecting of solar radiation.
        
        Not all the trees would be able to absorb all the carbon dioxide we emit.
        
        International agreements
        
        International agreements are dedicated to managing the climate change crisis. people are provided with an education which creates a frame work.
        
        The Paris agreements
        
        The Paris climate agreement ensured that they kept global warming below 2 degrees by the end of the century. The agreement also seeked to strengthened the ability for a country to deal with the impacts of climate change.
        
        The Kyoto protocol
        
        The first international treaty to reduce green house gas emotions, The US did not sign the agreement and is the biggest carbon emitter. 170 countries cooperated.
      - Adaptation
        
        Adaptations responding to climate change by coming up with new ways to live and to cope with the effects. this is mainly by reducing the risk associated with climate change,