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History paper 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - President icehouse admitted that it was a spy plane but did not apologise.
      - Khrushev refused to appear at the Paris peace conference which would have discussed reducing nuclear weapons.
      - It seemed like the thaw was over
      - To khrushev , it proved that peaceful coexistence could jot exist.
    - - On May 1st , 1960 , An American spy plane known as the U2 flew over Soviet airspace and photographed military bases and other sensitive sites.
      - The pilot was Gary Powers and he was a Spy who was on a mission to gather intelligence.
      - The plane flew 23,000 meters above ground.
      - The plane was shot down by the Soviets anti air craft missile.
      - It was brandcasted on Soviet television that an American plane had been captured. However , the Soviet left out the fact that they knew what it contained.
      - Gary powers was tried as a spy with the evidence of the camera and the suicide pill.
      - The President Isenhour invited that it was just a weather plane until he was forced to deal with the overwhelming evidence.
  - - - Belin for many East Berlin was a disappointment. They could see how much better the west Berliners were with their goods and luxury items. To them it was an ideological defeated as communism was supposedly better
      - Many people began to defect to the west. Approximately 2.2 million people left east Berlin. This caused a severe brain dump.
    - - Tanks and military peronell were stationed closely.
    - - On the 13th of August 1961, East German troops lined between the border of East and West Berlin ; they began the co traction of the wall.
      - Officially , the wall was built to prevent spies but unofficially, the wall was built to prevent the brain dump which was the max exodus of educate doeople from East Berlin and Germany.
      - In October, an American diplomat and his wife were things to go to the cinema. However , they were prevented ad they did not shoe the guards their documents.
      - They then had to be escorted through by tanks and personnel to the cinema.
      - This caused tanks to be posted at checkpoint Charlie.
      - In 1963 , Kennedy travelled over to West Berlin and proclaimed I ich berliner speech.
  - - - Czekyslovakia was a very authoritarian Communists country. There were no freedoms and all media was censored by the Communists government.
      - The leader Navotny was heavily currupt and authoritarian. Brezhnev, the new leader, knew that he was disliked unti he was forced to resigh from office.
      - Alexander Dubček was chosen as the new leader of Czekyslovakia as he was a very popular figure.
      - He declared a new type of socialism. He called it "socialism with a human face.
        
        He removed state owner businesses
        
        He allowed the exercise of freedom of speech
        
        He ended press censorship.
        
        Allowed czeks and Slovaks to visit non Communists counties.
        
        He allowd the formation of Trade unions
    - - The unpopular navona is forced to resignation and Alexander Dubček assumes the role of prime minister of Czekyslovakia.
      - He makes very progressive reforms that go against the Kremlin
      - Leaders in other war saw countries are unhappy with the progression.
      - Brezhnev invades Czekyslovakia.
      - 500 people are wounded and non are dead.
  - - - Drove a wedge between China and The Soviets
      - Initially, America wanted to end all talks with the soviets. However , they chose to view it as defensive and thought that Breznev was only interested within the Communists world.
    - - A number of treaties were signed to stop rhe building of new ballistic missiles
  - - - Economic
        
        Both THE USSR and USSR had spent Billions on weapons and simply couldn't afford to any longer.
      - Conflict
        
        They had learnt form previous conflict that no one wanted a nuclear war.
  - - - A U2 spy plane notices misle sites in Cuba. (1963 14th October)
      - Kennedy is advised on what to do . ( 1963 16th - 20th October)
      - A naval blockade is emplaced. (1963 21st October)
      - Kennedy tells the American people and DEFCO 3 is called (1963 22nd October)
      - Castro orders Cuban troops to prepare for an American invasion (1963 23rd October)
      - Us troops assembly in florida with the biggest invasion force since the second world war. Simultaneously, khrushev sends a letter saying that they will withdraw only if America days no invasion took place and they remove their bases from Turkey. (1963 26th October)
      - A US plane is shot down by Cubans. In response
    - - Cubs was rolled by an American backed dictatorship lead by general Batista
      - Fidel castro was a Communists revolutionary
      - The bay of pigs invasion was a failed invasion by the CIA which saw exilwd Cubans Tey to retake the country. It failed.
      - Relationships between Castro'scuba and khrushev had grown. What originally began as trade treaties swiftly turned into military treaties. Soon , Cuba had began to hold nuclear weapons for The USSR.
    - - Direct communications between the USA and USSR were established
      - No testing of nuclear weapons over ground
      - No space would be used for weapons testing
      - Mutually assured distruction theory
      - Hysteria
      - Strainded tensions even further
      - America had to give up bases in Turkey.
- - - - Germany would be split into 4 parts
      - Berlin would be split into 4 parts
      - The soviets were given the poorest areas. to appease them , it was agreed that 1/4 of industrial equipment would be given to the soviets.
    - - There were major disagreements on the governing of Eastern Europe. Stalin wanted to install pro communist countries near the USSR in order to increase his sphere of influence.
      - The USSR wanted to impose harsh sanctions on Germany whereas the US and UK felt that it would harm Germany's economic recovery.
        
        they feared that this would create another world war as the "harsh" treaty of versille lead to the facist and brutal Germany.
    - - the Atomic Bomb
        
        On the 16th of august , the US successfully tested their first nuclear bomb, Truman informed Stalin but was not willing to share the secret. This made Stalin incredibly suspicious of the west and encouraged him to make his own nuclear weapons'. this began the arms race.
      - The Secret Telegrams
        
        Truman and Stalin both feared the Breakdown of the grand alliance. Both received incredibly destressing telegrams from their ambassadors claiming that the other side could not be trusted.
        
        The long Telegram
        
        Keenan was the American ambassador in Moscow..
        
        Stalin had given a speech calling for the destruction of capitalism.
        
        Russia was building up it's military
        
        The us should seek to contain communism
        
        the Novikov Telegrams
        
        Novikov was the Soviet ambassador
        
        America was trying to dominate the world
        
        After the death of Roosevelt , America was no longer interested in diplomacy.
        
        The secret telegrams made both countries believe that there was great possibility for war. The USSR believed that war was inevitable whilst the US thought Stalin as the "new Hitler." By the end of 1946 , the grand alliance had been eroded.
      - in march of 1946 , Churchill made a speech in America declaring the Iron Curtain seperating the west and Commonest east.
    - - Stalin reacted to the failure of the Potsdam conference by:
        
        Rigging elections
        
        Violence and Intimidation
        
        By 1946 , all Eastern European countries had communist Governments.
        
        No freed elections had been held as discussed in Yalta.
        
        Expansion of the buffer zone.
      - Stalin was fearful of the west , any attacks that might come from it and the fact that America possessed nuclear capabilities.
  - - - Between 1945 and 1949 , the USA sought to contain the spread of communisms first in Europe then around the globe.
        
        Greece benefited from this doctrine as it during the secnd world war , German occupation had been divided into supporters of the monarchy and communists.
        
        400 million was given out to aid Greece and Turkey.
        
        The doctrine was heavily motivated by the "Domino theory" which sought to prevent one countries from falling into communisms
        
        America believed that it was their duty to protect one country from falling into communism by providing money and aid to countries that were threatened.
    - - $17 billion was given out to all European countries in order to rebuild their economy after they were ravaged by the war.
      - Stalin's reaction
        
        Stalin referred it as "dollar imperialism."
        
        The formation of Cominform and Comicon was made to help European communist countries to work together and spread Stalinist ideas.. it increased Stalin's control of the countries. Comecon was set up to facilitate trade within eastern European countries by encouraging trade between communist countries.
    - - Cause
        
        Britain , France and America had merged their zones in the west of Germany to form the area that would later be known as West Germany. This new formation in the west was known as Tristate.
        
        The Deutschmark was introduced in West Germany which helped it become economically stronger.
        
        Reaction
        
        As a reaction to this , Stalin reacts with the berlin blockade.
        
        Once the blockade began , 2.5 million people were forced to rely on reserves of fuel and food.
        
        There were coal shortages because the soviets wanted to make it as hard as possible.
- - - - Formed in 1949
      - 12 original countries including including 3 with nuclear capabilities ( UK, USA and France)
      - Article 5 aimed to provide collective security as an attack on kne memeber would mean an attack on all.
      - Had 50 divisions that could be called at any time.
      - Strategy would be jointly organised.
    - - Formed in 1955
      - 8 member countries
      - Formed as a response to Nato and German rearmament.
      - Nuclear weapons held by moscow
      - Over 5 million troops, 10,000 tanks and 35,000 aircraft.
    - - The USA was committed to the defence of Europe
      - Stalin believed that it was aimed against the Soviet Union
      - It intensified the arms race
      - The Soviet Union set up the war saw pact
      - The US installed military bases In Europe.
  - - - As the arms race continued, defense budgets rose drastically. America fears over the missile gap caused more and more missile to be produced. As a reaction, the Soviets produced more nuclear weapons. However , as the use of nuclear weapons would likely lead to a global annihilation, neither the soviets or America would use them.
      - The world wa on its edge. Many feared the worst. Schools taught drills of ducking and covering in the case of an nuclear bomb.
  - - - The major reason was for propaganda and to prove that one government was superior to another.
      - Advanced the arms race as the technology used for the rockets was also used in the making of ICBM's.
  - - - After the war , Hungary was deep in the influence of the Soviets
      - Rigging of elections always favoured Communists regimes
      - An unpopular leader , Matayas Rakoski ,was made the president of Hungary by stating as he was a Stalinist.
      - A new leader , Nikita Khrushev, had came into power and began the process of Destalinisation. He called for peaceful coexistence between the east and west aswell as offerd pardons to people whom Stalin persecuted.
    - - On the 23rd of October, 1956 , many students took to the streets asking for more fredoms and for less communism.
      - Imre Nagy who was in exile at the time ws re-instated as the prime minister of Hungary.
      - Much to the people dismay , he called for a gradual return to power back to stalin and the Communist party.
      - Navy promised reformes and more freedoms aswell as allowing non Communists members on his cabinet.
      - On the 31st of October, many people demande for the independence and sovereignty of Hungary by leaving the Warsaw pact. Khushev could not have this and so he sent In the tanks.
      - Nagy rejected communism, imposed democracy and released political prisoners.
      - On the 4th of October, Soviet troops crushed the rebellion.
      - 200,000 Hungarian refugees fled.
    - - Khrushev feared that other Warsaw packt countries might want to leave the pact like Hungary.
      - The west including the US did not act. Firstly , many in the US believed that it was outside the policy of containment. However , due to the fact it was in The Soviet sphere of influence interfering could be seen as an act of war.
      - The UN voted to condem what was going on in Hungary however, their were too distracted because of the crisis in the Suez canal.
- - - - Until 1950 , Vietnam as well as other countries were coloniesd by France and were apart of the region known as indo China.
      - In 1950 , the leader of the Viet-Minh known as Ho chi Minh proclaimed a free Vietnam.
      - The Viet-Minh used different tactics known as Gorilla tactics. Despite their supitiour weaponry , the French lost 90,000 casualties.
      - At the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954) , the French were defeated. And withdrew.
      - In 1954 , a conventional was met in Geneva to discuss what would happen in Vietnam. It was decided that it would be split down the 17th parallel with a communist state in the North and a capitalist state in the south.
      - It was planned that 2 years later , there would be temporary elections. However , I senhora discouverd distressing messages that around 80-90% would vote for Ho Chi Minh.
      - Fears over rhe domino theory lead to the development of the new look theory which stated saw goods , weapons and military personally being sent to Vietnam
      - Fearing that the unpopular Diem was losing power in Vietnam, America approved the removal of him from power.
      - The Vietkong were set up to fight for the liberation of South Vietnam in 1960.
    - - President Diem was very unpopular. He was currupt and nepotistic.
      - The domino theory was a theory that stated that if one country turned Communists, then it could spread to other countries.
  - - - Korea was split by the 38th parallel
      - The leader in the south was Syngman Rhee. He was capitalist and was open to American influence.
      - The leader in the North was Kim ill sung. He was communist and looked to china as an inspiration as well as the USSR.
      - This was the first instance of a proxy war. All the two major power , America and the USSR , had a major role to play in this war. The USSR offered weapons
      - Japan had controlled Korea since 1910. After Japan was defeated in the second world war, there were plans of free elections in the whole country but what happend was that the North was ruled by a communist Goverment whilst the South was ruled by a capitalist government.
    - - In 1949 , Kim ill sung asked staying for help in invading the South. Staying declined the offer however asked China to get involved and reluctantly sent weapons to aid the North. He did this because he fears an encounter with the 7500 US troops stationd in South Korea.
      - The UN called for a cease fire
      - The South Koreans were pushed back down to the areakn referred to a the ousan square and the city of Seol is captured.
      - American troups on behalf the UN and Generl Mcarthure enter the war on behalf of the South Koreans.
      - The Chinese sen torpops in order to help a North Korean counter attack.
      - General Mcarthur makes a suggestion that nuclear weapons should be used and Is subsequently fired.
      - The war reaches a stalemate.
      - The USSR couldn't interview because they had been boycotting the UN over china's recognition after it had become communist.
    - - It showed the power America had within the UN.
      - It showed the lengths America was willing to go with its containment policy.
      - It was the first proxy war.
  - - - The second world war had left China ravaged as both the Communists and Nationsalist joined forces to defeated a common enemy. However , after the war ended , a brutal civil war ravaged across the country.
      - The nationalist were lead by Chiang Kai shek.
      - The Communists were lead by Mao Ze Dong.
      - On the first of October, the Communists lead by Mao Ze Dong gained the upper hand and forced the defeated Nstionlaidt to the small island of Taiwan.
    - - To the west , it was a massive ideological defeated as the most populis country on the planet had fallen to communism.
      - Although it looked like victory of Stalin , China did not want to be apart of their shpeare of influence.
    - - Stalin would recognise China as a country.
      - $300 million would be loand to China although at high intrest
      - 8000 Chinese students were allowed to study in China to learn about technology and science.
      - 20,000 soviet experts were sent to help the development of China.
      - China gave mining rights and two major ports to the Soviets