Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Adulthood Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - "An acronym that refers to people from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich Democracies, in other words, to North American college students, not necessarily the rest of humanity."
    - - Most of the worlds population does not attend college
  - - - "The ratio of a person’s weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared."
  - - - "The capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability."
    - - "The adjustment of all of the body’s systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium. As the body ages, it takes longer for these homeostatic adjustments to occur, so it becomes harder for older bodies to adapt to stress."
    - - "A dynamic body adjustment, related to homeostasis, that affects overall physiology over time. The main difference is that homeostasis requires an immediate response, whereas allostasis requires adjustment in the longer term."
      - allostatic load
        
        "The stresses of basic body systems that burden overall functioning, such as hypertension."
  - - - Set Point
        
        "A particular body weight that an individual’s homeostatic processes strive to maintain."
  - - - The Double Standard
      - Sexually Transmitted Infections
      - Unwanted Pregnancy
  - - - Drug Abuse
      - Dangerous Risks
  - - - "The process of aging, whereby the body becomes less strong and efficient."
    - - Drug abuse.
        
        "Any psychoactive drug can harm the brain, especially alcohol abuse over decades, which can cause Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (“wet brain”), because vitamin B1 is depleted."
      - Poor circulation.
        
        "Everything that impairs blood flow — such as hypertension and cigarette smoking — impairs circulation in the brain and thus harms thinking (Sweeney et al., 2018)."
      - Viruses
        
        "Various membranes, called the blood–brain barrier, protect the brain from most viruses, but a few — including HIV and the prion that causes mad cow disease — cross that barrier and destroy neurons."
      - Genes
        
        "About 1 in 1,000 persons inherits a dominant gene for Alzheimer’s disease, and even fewer people inherit genes for other severe neurocognitive disorders. Genetic effects on the brain usually involve more than one gene, and they are also influenced by nurture, not just nature (Burlina, 2018)."
      - Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
        
        "Brain damage can be caused by a blow, by an extremely loud noise, or by rapid acceleration or deceleration of the head. Causes are many — a concussion in a football game, whiplash in a car crash, a punch in an assault, an explosion in a war. None of these usually causes permanent damage, but all can lead to a devastating disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)."
    - - Skin and Hair
      - Shape and Agility
    - - Vision
        
        "Nearsightedness is particularly affected by age. It increases gradually in childhood and more rapidly in adolescence; then it stabilizes, reversing in midlife."
      - Hearing
        
        "Females lose less than males, on average. Sounds at high frequencies (a small child’s voice) are lost earlier than sounds at low frequencies (a man’s voice)."
  - - - infertility
        
        "The inability to conceive a child after trying for at least a year."
      - Fertility Treatments
        
        assisted reproductive technology (ART)
        
        "overcomes obstacles such as a low sperm count and blocked fallopian tubes."
    - - Menopause
        
        "The time in middle age, usually around age 50, when a woman’s menstrual periods cease and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops. Strictly speaking, menopause is dated one year after a woman’s last menstrual period, although many months before and after that date are menopausal."
      - hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
        
        "Taking hormones (in pills, patches, or injections) to compensate for hormone reduction. HRT is most common in women at menopause or after removal of the ovaries, but it is also used by men as their testosterone decreases. HRT has some medical uses but also carries health risks."
      - andropause
        
        "A term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which typically results in reduced sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass. (Also called male menopause.)"
- - - - "The sixth of Erikson’s eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation."
    - - Support from Parents
        
        Helicopter parents
        
        "The label used for parents who hover (like a helicopter) over their emerging-adult children. The term is pejorative, but parental involvement is sometimes helpful."
        
        snowplow parents
        
        "Parents who try to remove any impediments in the way of their children. This term is pejorative; it implies that parents do not allow children to learn how to overcome obstacles on their own."
    - - Impacts of Gender
        
        Male–Female Friendships
  - - - The Ideal and the Real
      - Hookups
        
        "A sexual encounter between two people who are not in a romantic relationship. Neither intimacy nor commitment is expected."
      - Finding Each Other and Living Together
        
        choice overload
        
        "Having so many possibilities that a thoughtful choice becomes difficult. This is particularly apparent when social networking and other technology make many potential romantic partners available."
      - Changing Historical Patterns
    - - "An arrangement in which a couple lives together in a committed romantic relationship but are not formally married."
      - Intimate Partner Violence
      - Forms of Abuse
        
        situational couple violence
        
        "Fighting between romantic partners that is brought on more by the situation than by the deep personality problems of the individuals. Both partners are typically victims and abusers."
        
        intimate terrorism
        
        "A violent and demeaning form of abuse in a romantic relationship, in which the victim (usually female) is frightened to fight back, seek help, or withdraw. In this case, the victim is in danger of physical as well as psychological harm."
    - - Marriage
      - Nonmarital Romantic Relationships
      - Partnerships Over the Years
      - Gay and Lesbian Couples
      - Divorce and Remarriage
  - - - Changing Self-Definition
      - Dreamers and Adoptees
      - Everyone Else
      - Political Choices
    - - Help from Adults
      - Personality in Emerging Adulthood
  - - - Identity Versus Role Confusion
        
        "Although Erikson originally situated the identity crisis during adolescence, he realized that identity concerns could be lifelong. Identity combines values and traditions from childhood with the current social context. Since contexts keep evolving, many adults reassess all four types of identity (sexual/gender, vocational/work, religious/spiritual, and political/ethnic)."
      - Intimacy Versus Isolation
        
        "Adults seek intimacy — a close, reciprocal connection with another human being. Intimacy is mutual, not self-absorbed, which means that adults need to devote time and energy to one another. This process begins in emerging adulthood and continues lifelong. Isolation is especially likely when divorce or death disrupts established intimate relationships."
      - Generativity Versus Stagnation
        
        "Adults need to care for the next generation, either by raising their own children or by mentoring, teaching, and helping others. Erikson’s first description of this stage focused on parenthood, but later he included other ways to achieve generativity. Adults extend the legacy of their culture and their generation with ongoing care, creativity, and sacrifice."
      - Integrity Versus Despair
        
        "When Erikson himself reached his 70s, he decided that integrity, with the goal of combating prejudice and helping all humanity, was too important to be left to the elderly. He also thought that each person’s entire life could be directed toward connecting a personal journey with the historical and cultural purpose of human society, the ultimate achievement of integrity."
    - - humanism
        
        "A theory that stresses the potential of all humans, who have the same basic needs regardless of culture, gender, or background."
      - He arranged these needs in a hierarchy, often illustrated as a pyramid
        
        Physiological
        
        needing food, water, warmth, and air
        
        Safety
        
        "feeling protected from injury and death"
        
        Love and belonging
        
        "having friends, family, and a community (often
        religious)"
        
        Esteem
        
        "being respected by the wider community as well as by
        oneself"
        
        Self-actualization
        
        "becoming truly oneself, fulfilling one’s unique
        potential while appreciating all of life"
    - - Openness
        
        "imaginative, curious, artistic, creative, open to new experiences"
      - Conscientiousness
        
        "organized, deliberate, conforming, self- disciplined"
      - Extroversion
        
        "outgoing, assertive, active"
      - Agreeableness
        
        "kind, helpful, easygoing, generous"
      - Neuroticism
        
        "anxious, moody, self-punishing, critical"
  - - - "People who become accepted as part of a family in which they are not genetically or legally members."
    - - Parenthood
        
        Adoptive Parents
        
        Stepparents
        
        Foster Parents
        
        Grandparents
  - - - "Someone who becomes the gatherer and communications hub for their family."
    - - "The generation of middle-aged people who are supposedly “squeezed” by the needs of the younger and older members of their families."
- - - - "A proposition or statement of belief; the first stage of the process of dialectical thinking."
    - - "A proposition or statement of belief that opposes the thesis; the second stage of the process of dialectical thinking."
    - - "A new idea that integrates the thesis and its antithesis, thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth; the third stage of the process of dialectical thinking."
  - - - Stereotype Threat
      - Rejecting Stereotypes
  - - - Defining Issues
        
        Defining Issues Test (DIT)
        
        "A series of questions developed by James Rest and designed to assess respondents’ level of moral development by having them rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas."
      - Listening to Other Perspectives
    - - Stages of Religious Development
        
        Stage one: Intuitive-projective faith
        
        Stage two: Mythic-literal faith
        
        Stage three: Synthetic-conventional faith
        
        Stage four: Individual-reflective faith
        
        Stage five: Conjunctive faith
        
        1 more item...
      - Moral Foundations
      - Adult Thinking and Moral Development
  - - - Long-Term Benefits
      - Massification
        
        "The idea that establishing institutions of higher learning and encouraging college enrollment can benefit everyone (the masses)."
      - Dropping Out of College
    - - Current Contexts
      - Choosing to Avoid College
    - - Benefits of Diversity
    - - MOOCs: Pros and Cons
        
        massive open online course (MOOC)
        
        "A course that is offered solely online for college credit. Typically, tuition is very low, and thousands of students enroll."
  - - - General Intelegence
      - "Although g cannot be measured directly, Spearman thought it could be inferred from various abilities, such as vocabulary, memory, and reasoning."
  - - - Fluid Intelligence
        
        "Those types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Abilities such as short-term memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking are all usually considered part of fluid intelligence."
      - Crystallized Intelligence
        
        "Those types of intellectual ability that reflect accumulated learning. Vocabulary and general information are examples. Some developmental psychologists think crystallized intelligence increases with age, while fluid intelligence declines."
    - - Analytic Intelligence
        
        "A form of intelligence that involves such mental processes as abstract planning, strategy selection, focused attention, and information processing, as well as verbal and logical skills."
      - creative intelligence
        
        "A form of intelligence that involves the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative."
      - practical intelligence
        
        "The intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving. (Sometimes called tacit intelligence.)"