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CH6 - Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Exergonic
        
        ΔG<0
        
        Energy is released by reaction
        
        Spontaneous
        
        Occur without input of additional energy
        
        Can be slow
        
        free energy change
        
        Hydrolases of ATP
        
        Reaction favors favours formation of products (CH3)
        
        Chemical Reactions Reach a State of Equilibrium
        
        For ATP = ADP + Pi, Keq’ = 1,650,000M
        
        The energy liberated is used to drive a variety of cellular processes
        
        ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to drive cellular processes that are endergonic
      - Endergonic
        
        not spontaneous
        
        ΔG>0
        
        Requires addition of energy to drive reaction
        
        An endergonic reaction can be coupled to an exergonic reaction.
        
        The reactions will be spontaneous if the net free energy change for both processes is negative
        
        The energy to synthesize ATP comes from chemical reactions that are exergonic.
- - - - Positioning reactants together
      - Changing local environment
      - Straining bonds in reactants
  - - - 1) Substrate bind to enzyme
        2) Enzyme undergoes conformational change that binds substrates more tightly, the induced fit binds strains chemical bonds and brings them closer together
        3) Substrates are converted to products which are released
  - - - Competitive
        
        Molecule binds to active site
        
        Inhibits ability of substrate to bind
        
        Apparent KM increases, more substrate needed
      - Non- competitive
        
        Lowers Vmax without affecting Km
        
        Inhibitor binds to allosteric site, not active site
- - - - 5 cap is removed
- - - - Breakdown of reactants
        
        Recycling Building Blocks
        
        Energy to drive Endergonic Reactions
        
        Substrate-level phosphorylation
        
        Enzyme directly transfers phosphate from one
        molecule to another
        
        Chemiosmosis
        
        Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is
        used to make ATP from ADP and Pi
    - - Biosynthetic reactions
      - Make large macromolecules or smaller
        molecules not available from food
      - Needs input of energy
  - - - Electrons removed by oxidation of organic
        molecules are used to create energy
        intermediates like NADH , NAD+