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b1 ; - Coggle Diagram

- - - - gametes is a organisms reproductive cells eg; sex cells (carry one copy of chromosomes and are haploid cells)
  - - - its essnetial for growth , happens with asexual reproduction and mitosis happens when organism repairs itself.
  - - - stem cell is a undifferiented cell that can divide to turn into any cell by differientation. used to treat illness and people who cells dont always work. can be used for plants , humans and animals.
        
        plant clones are used to grow more rare species to increase population and stop extinction of plants . also to clone plants that have desired features farmers need.
        
        stem cells can help medical conditions such as paralysis and diabetes. fixing paralysis stem cells replace the nerve cells that are faulty and dont work. with diabetes the stem cells replace the cells that dont produce enough insulin so the body can produce insulin at the right time with the right amount.
        
        thereputic cloning can be used to treat medical conditions by replacing the non working cells with the working cells.
        
        ethical and religious objections for use of stem cells; use of stem cells can be from embryos and people believe human embryos are a potential life . god may think its time for them to die and not use medical treatement. embryos beig seen as a life means some peole believe one life is as important as another.
- - - - enzyme = a biological catalyst that speeds up rate of reaction
- - - - has 4 chambers (left atirum , right atrium , left ventricle ,, right ventricle) the atriums are seperated from ventricles by valves . vena cava brings in deoxygenated blood from the body. blood goes into the right atrium , down to the right ventricle and ut the pulmanory vein to the lungs. the lungs then oxygenate the blood. the left pulmanory vein brings the oxygenated blood back to heart into left atrium down to left vnetricles and then out the aorta to be pumped to rest of body
    - - heart
    - - coronary heart disease treatments
        
        statins are a drug that reduces the amount of cholesteral (this slows down the rate that fatty materials build up) advantages = reduce risk of heart disease disadvantages = unwanted side effects , have to take the drug may forget , effect isnt instant
        
        stents and statins
        
        stents
        
        a stent is a tube inserted into the coronary artery to keep it open advantages = keep regular blood flow at good pace disadvantages = doesnt treat underlying causes of disease , risk of infection , also developing a blood clot
      - faulty heart valve
        
        what is it
        
        when valves in heart are damaged and weakened by heart attacks , old age , infection. causes the valve tissue to stiffen so wont open as easily or valves become leaky so blood flows in both directions so blood doesnt circulate as effectively.
        
        treatment
        
        replace the valve with a bilogical one (from humans and animals) or mechanicle valves (man made)
        
        advantages and disadvantages
        
        works and keeps heart normal but it requires major surgery so infection can happen or blood clotting
      - coronary heart disease ; layers of fatty material builds up inside the coronary arteries. causing the arteries to narrow , reducing blood flow and reducing lack of oxygen for the heart. this results in heart attacks as lack of oxygen.
      - heart failure
        
        doctors may use a heart from donor or a mechanicle one
        
        advantages = less likely t be rejected by body because body doesnt recognise them as 'foreign' becuase theyre made out of metal
        
        disadvantages = surgery can lead to infection and bleeding , part of the heart could wear out or the electrical motor could fail . also higher chance of blood clots and strokes. the patient has to take drugs to narrow the blood
        
        mechanicle heart pumps blood for person ; usually temporary fix to keep person alive
    - - function of the heart is to get deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and then send the oxygenated blood to the body. it is also to keep the blood pumping around the body.
    - - capillaries
        
        have permeable walls (substances can diffuse in and out) , very small lumen , walls are 1 cell thick (increases diffusion rate by decreasing distance for exchange)
      - veins
        
        walls arent that thick (have low blood pressure) , have bigger lumen (help blood flow) , have valves (blood flow in right direction)
      - arteries
        
        strong , elastic walls (blood pumped at high pressure) , walls are thick compared to lumen , layers of muscle to make strong , elastic fibres so they can stretch and spring back
    - - RBC
        
        red blood cells carry oxygen from lungs to cell in body , it has a biconcave shape(lsa) , no nucleas , contains haemogoblin (binds to oxygen to carry it)
      - platelets
        
        used for clotting blood , is a fragment of cells so no nucleas , stops infection and internal bleeding,
      - plasma
        
        liquid that carries everything (RBC , WBC , platelets) also nutrients , co2 (organs to lungs) , urea (liver to kidney) , hormones , proteins ,
      - WBC
        
        defends against infection , has phagocytosis (change shape to eat microorganisms) , produce antibodies to fight infection , have a nucleas