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Imperial Russia 1815 to 1924 - Coggle Diagram
Imperial Russia 1815 to 1924
Before Alexander II
Nicholas I (1825-1855)
Attempted to End Serfdom
Did not plan to abolish serfdom as it could negatively impact him but he did improve government-owned serfs - feared widespread disorder
Expansion of the Russian Empire
Armenia, Pacific coastline and into China
First railway line in 1828
Several civil institutions were reshaped according to the military tradition. Bureaucracy flourished, but the cultural and spiritual aspects of life were strictly controlled.
Suppressed Revolution
Crimean War (1854-1856)
Russia was left in a state of turmoil after 1856
Russia’s decline in European power
Exposure of inefficiencies and ‘backwardness’
Large standing army unequipped
Lack of infrastructure
Out of date: technology, transport, strategy
Defeat was a disgrace
Loss of territory
Loss of control over Black Sea
Loss of influence over Moldovia and Wallachia
Loss of protection of Orthodox Christians
Lost alliance from France, Ottoman Empire, United Kingdom
Alexander II (1855-1881)
Tsar Liberator
"Enlightened"
Offered hope for reform
Local government and legal reforms
Education
Abolished Serfdom
Long process of emancipation
Domestic policies
Legal System
Increased efficiency and fairness
Public trials
"Independent judges" nominated by the Tsar
Local Government
Zemvsta
Duma
Armed Forces
Organization of troops
Separate reginal commands
Increased non-noble officers
Education
Expansion of Primary and Secondary education
Increased university attendance
Economic
Finances improved
Expansion of banks
Increased output
Coal, iron, and railways (NOT overall production)
Foreign policies
Successful war of 1877-1878 against Ottoman Turks
Annulled conditions of the Treaty of Paris 1856
Liberated Bulgaria
Poland
Resentment, Revolt, Resistance
Constitution removed, forced conscription, censorship
Concentration on Russia borders
1867 - sale of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States
Internal focus on unresolved issues that caused unrest
Alexander III (1881-1894)
"The Repressor"
Dominant and determinant
Instituted draconian measures
Slavophil support
Reintroduced censorship
Disclaimed constitution
Protection from potential revolt
Restore Russia
Resisted political and social change wherever possible
Reform would lead to decline in power of Tsar's autocracy
Reform would lead to decline in
power of Tsar’s autocracy
Peasants Tsar
Diligent, mentally strong, willing to work for what he wanted
Reactionary, military training left to absolute control
Domestic policies
Correct the “too liberal”
tendencies of the previous reign
Cancelled the ucaz before publication
Save Russia from anarchical disorders and revolutionary agitation
Russia's foreign policy of peace amongst neighbors
Strengthened and reformed armed
forces to increase power
Three main political objectives
Removal of the reforms of his
father, Alexander II
Restore both Russia's international and national position
Repression of opponents
Accomplishments
Extend the power of the tsar at
the expense of liberties
Increased Capitalism due to
stability and control of Empire
Increased production of steel and textile resources
Post-1880 Russian
industrialization
Rapid change led to problems in efficiency
1910 fastest industrial growth rate of 10%
Russification
Russian "Purification"
View to realizing his ideal of a homogenous Russia - in language, administration and religion
Imposed Russian language in schools
Persecuted Jews
Decreased “border” institutions of
Finnish, German or Swedish
Nicholas II